{"doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2025.103610","title":"A modular protocol for virosome display of subunit vaccine antigens","abstract":"Antigen array increases B cell receptor (BCR) triggering and the titer of antibodies elicited by subunit vaccines. Here, we present a protocol for multivalent antigen display by synthetic virosomes: preformed liposomes bearing glycoprotein spike proteins from enveloped viruses. We describe how to customize lipid stoichiometry within preformed liposomes and attach user-defined antigens via covalent and/or non-covalent interactions. In addition to generating vaccine research tools, this protocol demonstrates how two-dimensional membrane array resolves and activates exceptionally weak but critical virus-receptor interactions. • Steps for assembling virosomes displaying viral glycoproteins • Guidance on recombinant viral glycoprotein preparation • Guidance on synthetic liposome preparation • Instructions on liposome-glycoprotein attachment Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics. Antigen array increases B cell receptor (BCR) triggering and the titer of antibodies elicited by subunit vaccines. Here, we present a protocol for multivalent antigen display by synthetic virosomes: preformed liposomes bearing glycoprotein spike proteins from enveloped viruses. We describe how to customize lipid stoichiometry within preformed liposomes and attach user-defined antigens via covalent and/or non-covalent interactions. In addition to generating vaccine research tools, this protocol demonstrates how two-dimensional membrane array resolves and activates exceptionally weak but critical virus-receptor interactions.","journal":"STAR Protocols","year":2025,"id":561156,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.957,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":974574,"name":"Lindsey Adams","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104322,"name":"Ashraf S. Yousif","orcid":"0000-0001-9215-3853","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239721,"name":"Maya Sangesland","orcid":"0000-0001-8316-039X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":330847,"name":"Larance Ronsard","orcid":"0000-0002-5307-1940","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":523832,"name":"Vintus Okonkwo","orcid":"0000-0002-7812-384X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":755797,"name":"Caitlin McCarthy","orcid":"0000-0002-8034-051X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1463411,"name":"Caroline Alexander","orcid":"0000-0003-4870-4616","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236278,"name":"Darrell J. Irvine","orcid":"0000-0002-8637-1405","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104358,"name":"Daniel Lingwood","orcid":"0000-0001-5631-9238","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":234849,"name":"Victoria Rosado","orcid":"0000-0003-4187-7418","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:55:58.259104Z","pmid":"39891914","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}