{"doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103532","title":"Protocol for generating human craniofacial cartilage organoids from stem-cell-derived neural crest cells","abstract":"Here, we present a protocol to generate craniofacial cartilage organoids from human stem cells via neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). We describe steps for inducing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to form NCSCs using sequential treatments of small molecules and growth factors and isolating NCSCs by magnetic bead sorting. We then detail procedures for defining conditions where NCSCs migrate together and self-organize into craniofacial cartilage organoids. Recapitulating craniofacial chondrogenesis will facilitate craniofacial reconstruction and disease modeling. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Foltz et al. 1 • Protocol for inducing hESCs or iPSCs to form neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) • Steps for differentiating NCSCs into craniofacial cartilage organoids • Instructions for preparing appropriate media and conditions for differentiation • Guidance for assessing changes in cell and organoid morphology during differentiation Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics. Here, we present a protocol to generate craniofacial cartilage organoids from human stem cells via neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). We describe steps for inducing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to form NCSCs using sequential treatments of small molecules and growth factors and isolating NCSCs by magnetic bead sorting. We then detail procedures for defining conditions where NCSCs migrate together and self-organize into craniofacial cartilage organoids. Recapitulating craniofacial chondrogenesis will facilitate craniofacial reconstruction and disease modeling.","journal":"STAR Protocols","year":2024,"id":507840,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.949,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1235775,"name":"Lauren Foltz","orcid":"0000-0002-7141-8493","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":795189,"name":"Mark L. Grimes","orcid":"0000-0003-2673-5892","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1236241,"name":"Nagashree Avabhrath","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":6,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:11:06.395600Z","pmid":"39708322","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}