{"doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103239","title":"Protocol for establishing spontaneous metastasis in mice using a subcutaneous tumor model","abstract":"Recapitulating spontaneous metastasis in preclinical models is crucial for understanding mechanisms underlying cancer progression and testing effective therapeutic interventions. We present a protocol for establishing and characterizing the spontaneous metastasis model in mice. We describe steps for generating primary tumors, tumor resection, monitoring metastatic dissemination, and evaluating metastatic burden using histological and imaging techniques. This protocol provides a valuable tool for studying metastasis in vivo and testing therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or targeting metastatic diseases. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al. 1 • Protocol to establish a clinically relevant spontaneous metastasis model • Steps for generating primary tumor, tumor removal surgery, and evaluation of metastasis • Instructions for organ collection and fluorescence imaging of the organs • Guidance on histological and molecular biological analysis of organ tissue Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics. Recapitulating spontaneous metastasis in preclinical models is crucial for understanding mechanisms underlying cancer progression and testing effective therapeutic interventions. We present a protocol for establishing and characterizing the spontaneous metastasis model in mice. We describe steps for generating primary tumors, tumor resection, monitoring metastatic dissemination, and evaluating metastatic burden using histological and imaging techniques. This protocol provides a valuable tool for studying metastasis in vivo and testing therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or targeting metastatic diseases.","journal":"STAR Protocols","year":2024,"id":466089,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9383,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":260489,"name":"Michelle Shen","orcid":"0009-0005-4105-5766","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1297893,"name":"Kewei Le","orcid":"0009-0004-3494-0823","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":693634,"name":"Alifiani B. Hartono","orcid":"0000-0003-1327-0811","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":260492,"name":"Tanya Stoyanova","orcid":"0000-0003-0119-9747","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":471066,"name":"Shiqin Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-0818-6036","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":11,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:54.606394Z","pmid":"39096496","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}