{"doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2022.100141","title":"Emerging Ethical Considerations for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology","abstract":"Rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI) promise improved diagnosis and care for patients, but raise ethical issues.1Ting D.S.W. Pasquale L.R. Peng L. et al.Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology.Br J Ophthalmol. 2019; 103: 167-175Crossref PubMed Scopus (411) Google Scholar, 2Lee A. Machine diagnosis.Nature. 2019 Apr 10; (Online ahead of print.)https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01112-xCrossref Google Scholar, 3Lin D. Lin H. Translating artificial intelligence into clinical practice.Ann Transl Med. 2020; 8: 715Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 4Emanuel E.J. Wachter R.M. Artificial intelligence in health care: will the value match the hype?.JAMA. 2019; 321: 2281-2282Crossref PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar, 5Abràmoff M.D. Tobey D. Char D.S. Lessons learned about autonomous AI: finding a safe, efficacious, and ethical path through the development process.Am J Ophthalmol. 2020; 214: 134-142Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar Over 6 months, in consultation with the American Academy of Ophthalmology Committee on Artificial Intelligence, we analyzed potential ethical concerns, with a focus on applications of AI in ophthalmology that are deployed or will be deployed in the near future.6Jobin A. Ienca M. Vayena E. The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines.Nat Mach Intell. 2019; 1: 389-399Crossref Google Scholar We identified 3 pressing issues: (1) transparency, paradigmatically through the explanation or interpretation of AI models; (2) attribution of responsibility issues for particular harms arising from the use or misuse of AI; and (3) scalability of use cases and screening infrastructure.TransparencyThe ability to understand why a machine learning model has produced a particular result is an oft-cited ethical principle for AI.4Emanuel E.J. Wachter R.M. Artificial intelligence in health care: will the value match the hype?.JAMA. 2019; 321: 2281-2282Crossref PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar, 5Abràmoff M.D. Tobey D. Char D.S. Lessons learned about autonomous AI: finding a safe, efficacious, and ethical path through the development process.Am J Ophthalmol. 2020; 214: 134-142Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar7London A.J. Artificial intelligence and black-box medical decisions: accuracy versus explainability.Hastings Cent Rep. 2019; 49: 15-21Crossref PubMed Scopus (181) Google Scholar, 8Rudin C. Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead.Nat Mach Intell. 2019; 1: 206-215Crossref PubMed Scopus (1489) Google Scholar, 9Gunning D. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Paper presented at: DARPA/I20 program update; November 2017; Washington DC.Google Scholar, 10Hoffman R.R. Klein G. Mueller S.T. Explaining explanation for “explainable Ai.”.Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 2018; 62: 197-201Crossref Google Scholar We distinguish between AI models that are interpretable, or governed by models that are directly understandable by humans, and AI models that are too complex for any human to comprehend (sometimes called “black box” models), requiring post hoc explainability for how results are produced.4Emanuel E.J. Wachter R.M. Artificial intelligence in health care: will the value match the hype?.JAMA. 2019; 321: 2281-2282Crossref PubMed Scopus (105) Google Scholar Recent work has shown that lack of is with accuracy of AI L. M. et ethical for a AI and and 2018; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, deep with and on Scopus Google Scholar of for in and of D.S.W. Pasquale L.R. Peng L. et al.Artificial intelligence and deep learning in ophthalmology.Br J Ophthalmol. 2019; 103: 167-175Crossref PubMed Scopus (411) Google be an AI model or a a to for AI a on an or Machine learning and deep learning to be on of to of an are with a particular a is presented that is a AI model is an the AI model or transparency, be to why a particular the explanation is tha","journal":"Ophthalmology Science","year":2022,"id":247176,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":34,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9587,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":884582,"name":"Danielle M. Wenner","orcid":"0000-0001-7731-8357","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":89620,"name":"I. Glenn Cohen","orcid":"0000-0002-0223-3305","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":884583,"name":"Duncan Purves","orcid":"0009-0001-7492-6418","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264173,"name":"Michael F. Chiang","orcid":"0000-0002-8172-7636","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":293593,"name":"Daniel Ting","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":86323,"name":"Aaron Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-7452-1648","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":884581,"name":"Nicholas G. Evans","orcid":"0000-0002-3330-0224","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":32,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:23:53.369530Z","pmid":"36249707","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}