{"doi":"10.1016/j.xops.2022.100131","title":"Proteomic Analysis of Autoimmune Retinopathy Implicates Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule as a Potential Biomarker","abstract":"PurposeTo identify vitreous molecular biomarkers associated with autoimmune retinopathy (AIR).DesignCase-control study.ParticipantsWe analyzed 6 eyes from 4 patients diagnosed with AIR and 8 comparative controls diagnosed with idiopathic macular holes (IMHs) and epiretinal membranes (ERMs).MethodsVitreous biopsies were collected from the participants and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or multiplex enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).Main Outcome MeasuresProtein expression changes were evaluated by 1-way analysis of variance (significant P value < 0.05), hierarchical clustering, and pathway analysis to identify candidate protein biomarkers.ResultsThere were 16 significantly upregulated and 17 significantly downregulated proteins in the vitreous of 3 patients with AIR compared with controls. The most significantly upregulated proteins included lysozyme C, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein, complement factor D, transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)–induced protein, beta-crystallin B2, and alpha-crystallin A chain. The most significantly downregulated proteins included DIP2C, retbindin, and amyloid beta precursor-like protein 2. Pathway analysis revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling was a top represented pathway in the vitreous of patients with AIR compared with controls. In comparison with a different cohort of 3 patients with AIR analyzed by multiplex ELISA, a commonly differentially expressed protein was neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) with P values of 0.027 in the LC-MS/MS dataset and 0.035 in the ELISA dataset.ConclusionsProtein biomarkers in the vitreous, such as NrCAM, may eventually help diagnose AIR. To identify vitreous molecular biomarkers associated with autoimmune retinopathy (AIR). Case-control study. We analyzed 6 eyes from 4 patients diagnosed with AIR and 8 comparative controls diagnosed with idiopathic macular holes (IMHs) and epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Vitreous biopsies were collected from the participants and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or multiplex enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Protein expression changes were evaluated by 1-way analysis of variance (significant P value < 0.05), hierarchical clustering, and pathway analysis to identify candidate protein biomarkers. There were 16 significantly upregulated and 17 significantly downregulated proteins in the vitreous of 3 patients with AIR compared with controls. The most significantly upregulated proteins included lysozyme C, zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein, complement factor D, transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)–induced protein, beta-crystallin B2, and alpha-crystallin A chain. The most significantly downregulated proteins included DIP2C, retbindin, and amyloid beta precursor-like protein 2. Pathway analysis revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling was a top represented pathway in the vitreous of patients with AIR compared with controls. In comparison with a different cohort of 3 patients with AIR analyzed by multiplex ELISA, a commonly differentially expressed protein was neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) with P values of 0.027 in the LC-MS/MS dataset and 0.035 in the ELISA dataset. Protein biomarkers in the vitreous, such as NrCAM, may eventually help diagnose AIR.","journal":"Ophthalmology Science","year":2022,"id":275001,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9547,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":317221,"name":"Gabriel Velez","orcid":"0000-0003-0819-5933","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":901505,"name":"Jennifer T. Vu","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":380265,"name":"José Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho","orcid":"0000-0002-7024-1702","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":380268,"name":"Sarah R. Levi","orcid":"0000-0002-6503-1778","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285420,"name":"Alexander G. Bassuk","orcid":"0000-0002-4067-2157","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":371906,"name":"Yasir J. Sepah","orcid":"0000-0002-0104-6284","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299097,"name":"Stephen H. Tsang","orcid":"0000-0001-9082-2427","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":317223,"name":"Vinit B. Mahajan","orcid":"0000-0003-1886-1741","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":343243,"name":"Ahmad Al‐Moujahed","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":43,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:28:16.928746Z","pmid":"35529077","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}