{"doi":"10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118383","title":"The development, evolution, and maintenance of structural racism for the study of health inequities: An expanded framework for Asian, Black, Hispanic, Indigenous, and White Americans","abstract":"Evaluating the relationship between structural racism and health inequity is conceptually and empirically complex. This critical review of policies and events extends a previously published framework for understanding structural racism in health research across ethnoracial groups from 1400 to present. We apply this framework for Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic/Latinx, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and White groups and reflect on, compare, and contrast the overarching patterns within and across groups. Our findings illustrate the utility of our framework as a tool for conceptualizing and operationalizing structural racism in future health research. We suggest that health scholars can advance the field by: (1) recognizing multiple, reinforcing domains of structural racism; (2) expanding research beyond a Black-White binary to include other ethnoracial groups; (3) emphasizing the role of time and its different manifestations as exposure across the life course and cohorts; (4) highlighting the implications of collective resistance and agency as alternatives to deficit models; and (5) disaggregating data, whenever possible, to avoid rendering smaller ethnoracial groups invisible.","journal":"Social Science & Medicine","year":2025,"id":514386,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9516,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1119994,"name":"Rae Anne Martinez","orcid":"0000-0003-0262-1049","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282513,"name":"Esther O. Chung","orcid":"0000-0002-2866-949X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":444269,"name":"Evans K. Lodge","orcid":"0000-0002-2222-5441","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":593726,"name":"Rachel E. Wilbur","orcid":"0000-0002-3008-962X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":537931,"name":"Alexis C. Dennis","orcid":"0000-0001-6366-9850","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":68,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:48:29.165853Z","pmid":"40730099","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}