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This review highlights recent research exploring protein folding in the cell with a focus on issues that are generally not relevant to in vitro studies of protein folding, such as macromolecular crowding, hindered diffusion, cotranslational folding, molecular chaperones, and evolutionary pressures. The technical obstacles that must be overcome to characterize protein folding in the cell are driving methodological advances, and we draw attention to several examples, such as fluorescence imaging of folding in cells and genetic screens for in-cell stability.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.1298987149230735,"endowment":5.1298987149230735,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"21112769","pmcid":"PMC3072030","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2149505288","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIGMS NIH HHS","grant_id":"GM094848","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIH HHS","grant_id":"OD000945","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIGMS NIH HHS","grant_id":"GM027616","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIGMS NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 GM027616","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIH HHS","grant_id":"DP1 OD000945","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIGMS NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 GM094848","title":null}],"total_grants":6,"fwci":5.8471,"citation_percentile":0.97193122,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":18},{"year":2013,"count":20},{"year":2014,"count":23},{"year":2015,"count":18},{"year":2016,"count":12},{"year":2017,"count":11},{"year":2018,"count":14},{"year":2019,"count":8},{"year":2020,"count":4},{"year":2021,"count":8},{"year":2022,"count":4},{"year":2023,"count":7},{"year":2024,"count":7},{"year":2025,"count":4},{"year":2026,"count":1}],"oa_status":"green","license":"https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3072030","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3072030","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0959440X10001739?httpAccept=text/xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0959440X10001739?httpAccept=text/plain","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2010.11.001","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21112769","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://works.bepress.com/anne_gershenson/2","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","Protein Structure and Dynamics","Enzyme Structure and Function"],"mesh_terms":["Biological Transport","Humans","Proteins","Protein Folding","Evolution, Molecular","Genetic Fitness"],"keywords":["Macromolecular crowding","Protein folding","Folding (DSP implementation)","Protein stability","Biophysics","Computational biology","Macromolecule","Biology","Chemistry","Nanotechnology","Cell biology","Biochemistry","Materials science"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-28T12:57:28.863260Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}