{"doi":"10.1016/j.patter.2022.100613","title":"A transformer-based deep-learning approach for classifying brain metastases into primary organ sites using clinical whole-brain MRI images","abstract":"Treatment decisions for brain metastatic disease rely on knowledge of the primary organ site and are currently made with biopsy and histology. Here, we develop a deep-learning approach for accurate non-invasive digital histology with whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and fast spoiled gradient echo brain MRI exams (n = 1,582) were preprocessed and input to the proposed deep-learning workflow for tumor segmentation, modality transfer, and primary site classification into one of five classes. Tenfold cross-validation generated an overall area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.878 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.873,0.883). These data establish that whole-brain imaging features are discriminative enough to allow accurate diagnosis of the primary organ site of malignancy. Our end-to-end deep radiomic approach has great potential for classifying metastatic tumor types from whole-brain MRI images. Further refinement may offer an invaluable clinical tool to expedite primary cancer site identification for precision treatment and improved outcomes.","journal":"Patterns","year":2022,"id":240858,"datarank":0.5676284450877392,"base_score":3.784189633918261,"endowment":3.784189633918261,"self_citation_contribution":0.5676284450877392,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5676284450877392,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":43,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9202,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":583566,"name":"Sanjeev V. Namjoshi","orcid":"0000-0002-6648-3434","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":426066,"name":"E. McTyre","orcid":"0000-0001-9427-2426","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49937,"name":"Ümit Topaloĝlu","orcid":"0000-0002-3241-8773","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":505132,"name":"Richard A. Barcus","orcid":"0000-0002-3584-8242","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":281346,"name":"Michael D. Chan","orcid":"0000-0002-5278-6709","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":426067,"name":"Christina K. Cramer","orcid":"0000-0001-7618-3921","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":327945,"name":"Waldemar Debinski","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":379198,"name":"Metin N. Gürcan","orcid":"0000-0002-2421-8229","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":323970,"name":"Glenn J. Lesser","orcid":"0009-0003-5471-8907","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":245898,"name":"Hui‐Kuan Lin","orcid":"0000-0002-3501-2410","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288241,"name":"Reginald F. Munden","orcid":"0000-0003-3836-5067","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288151,"name":"Boris Pasche","orcid":"0000-0002-3750-7898","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":406160,"name":"Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai","orcid":"0000-0002-6442-5169","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255139,"name":"Roy E. Strowd","orcid":"0000-0001-6651-5267","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255138,"name":"Stephen B. Tatter","orcid":"0000-0002-1063-0431","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274312,"name":"Kounosuke Watabe","orcid":"0000-0001-7441-6322","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":577070,"name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-1178-7243","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":277821,"name":"Ge Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-2656-7705","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":406157,"name":"Christopher T. Whitlow","orcid":"0000-0003-2392-8293","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":642462,"name":"Qing Lyu","orcid":"0000-0002-9824-0170","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":54,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:22:51.435773Z","pmid":"36419451","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}