{"doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2025.06.014","title":"Association between Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Use and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Risk in All of Us","abstract":"PURPOSE: To assess the association between the systemic use of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged ≥40 years with linked electronic health record (EHR) data in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) All of Us dataset. Participants with a diagnosis of POAG before the use of NRTIs were excluded. METHODS: A cohort of 1:10 NRTI users to nonusers was created using a propensity score matching design, considering age, race, sex at birth, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, hepatitis B diagnosis, and family history of POAG. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to adjust for residual imbalance. Sensitivity analyses were performed for self-reported eye doctor visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Diagnosis of POAG. RESULTS: Among the 305 441 All of Us participants aged ≥40 years with a linked EHR, we identified 718 individuals (0.24%) with NRTI use, excluding participants with a diagnosis of POAG before NRTI exposure. The rate of POAG in the NRTI users was 4.32% (N = 31). The rate of POAG in the propensity score-matched control group (N = 7180) was 2.00% (N = 144). Use of NRTI was associated with an increased risk of POAG (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-3.28; P < 0.001). When adjusting for residual imbalance of family history of POAG, HIV diagnosis, and hepatitis B diagnosis, use of any NRTIs remained significantly associated with an increased risk of developing POAG (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.22-2.77; P = 0.004). After matching and adjusting for self-reported eye doctor visits, NRTIs remained significantly associated with POAG risk (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.07-4.96; P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Use of NRTIs was associated with a higher risk of POAG with propensity score matching for covariates and adjusting for residual imbalances. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.","journal":"Ophthalmology","year":2025,"id":544899,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":22.178386323199504,"corpus_rank":9377,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":1,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6111,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1435781,"name":"Fangming Jin","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":446774,"name":"Roy Lee","orcid":"0000-0001-7602-3979","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1285774,"name":"Isabel Di Rosa","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":448002,"name":"Rebecca Salowe","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":258447,"name":"Gui‐Shuang Ying","orcid":"0000-0002-5752-1355","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":291481,"name":"Joan M. O’Brien","orcid":"0000-0003-4109-2928","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":554264,"name":"Kenneth Pham","orcid":"0000-0002-3352-9870","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":23,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:53:17.418915Z","pmid":"40550363","pmcid":"PMC12453943","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}