{"doi":"10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.002","title":"Education amplifies brain atrophy effect on cognitive decline: implications for cognitive reserve","abstract":null,"journal":"Neurobiology of Aging","year":2018,"id":606173,"datarank":0.7379971388742189,"base_score":4.919980925828125,"endowment":4.919980925828125,"self_citation_contribution":0.7379971388742189,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7379971388742189,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":136,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":421631,"name":"Brandon E. Gavett","orcid":"0000-0003-1938-1854","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":66379,"name":"Evan Fletcher","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":465960,"name":"Sarah Tomaszewski Farias","orcid":"0009-0009-8969-3387","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":66359,"name":"Charles DeCarli","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":169129,"name":"Bruce Reed","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":325848,"name":"Dan Mungas","orcid":"0000-0003-2035-7085","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Education amplifies brain atrophy effect on cognitive decline: implications for cognitive reserve","abstract":"Level of education is often regarded as a proxy for cognitive reserve in older adults. This implies that brain degeneration has a smaller effect on cognitive decline in those with more education, but this has not been directly tested in previous research. We examined how education, quantitative magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of brain degeneration, and their interaction affect cognitive decline in diverse older adults spanning the spectrum from normal cognition to dementia. Gray matter atrophy was strongly related to cognitive decline. While education was not related to cognitive decline, brain atrophy had a stronger effect on cognitive decline in those with more education. Importantly, high education was associated with slower decline in individuals with lesser atrophy but with faster decline in those with greater atrophy. This moderation effect was observed in Hispanics (who had high heterogeneity of education) but not in African-Americans or Caucasians. These results suggest that education is an indicator of cognitive reserve in individuals with low levels of brain degeneration, but the protective effect of higher education is rapidly depleted as brain degeneration progresses.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":4.919980925828125,"endowment":4.919980925828125,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"29798764","pmcid":"PMC5993638","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2797010042","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"P30 AG010129","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AG031563","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AG010220","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AG051170","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AG021028","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R13 AG030995","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"P30 AG043097","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AG031252","title":null},{"funder_name":"NINDS NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 NS017950","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 AG047827","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIA NIH HHS","grant_id":"RF1 AG031563","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01AG010220-10","title":"English and Spanish Assessment of Cognition in Elderly"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01AG021028-07","title":"Heterogeneity of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"3P30AG010129-28S1","title":"UC Davis Alzheimer's Core Center"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01AG047827-02","title":"The impact of non-amyloid processes on cognitive aging"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"3R01AG031252-05S1","title":"Understanding the Pathway to Functional Disability in Alzheimer's disease"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01AG051170-05","title":"Psychometric Integrative Technology for Cognitive Health Research"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5P30AG043097-02","title":"ANALYSIS"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"3R01AG031563-01A2S1","title":"Brain pathologies, reserve and cognition in aging and dementia"}],"total_grants":19,"fwci":7.9912,"citation_percentile":0.98333015,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":15},{"year":2020,"count":17},{"year":2021,"count":20},{"year":2022,"count":18},{"year":2023,"count":15},{"year":2024,"count":15},{"year":2025,"count":23},{"year":2026,"count":12}],"oa_status":"green","license":"Elsevier 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