{"doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.024","title":"X-chromosome regulation and sex differences in brain anatomy","abstract":"Humans show reproducible sex-differences in cognition and psychopathology that may be contributed to by influences of gonadal sex-steroids and/or sex-chromosomes on regional brain development. Gonadal sex-steroids are well known to play a major role in sexual differentiation of the vertebrate brain, but far less is known regarding the role of sex-chromosomes. Our review focuses on this latter issue by bridging together two literatures that have to date been largely disconnected. We first consider \"bottom-up\" genetic and molecular studies focused on sex-chromosome gene content and regulation. This literature nominates specific sex-chromosome genes that could drive developmental sex-differences by virtue of their sex-biased expression and their functions within the brain. We then consider the complementary \"top down\" view, from magnetic resonance imaging studies that map sex- and sex chromosome effects on regional brain anatomy, and link these maps to regional gene-expression within the brain. By connecting these top-down and bottom-up approaches, we emphasize the potential role of X-linked genes in driving sex-biased brain development and outline key goals for future work in this field.","journal":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews","year":2020,"id":58555,"datarank":1.4717701453181202,"base_score":4.290459441148391,"endowment":4.290459441148391,"self_citation_contribution":0.6435689161722588,"citation_network_contribution":0.8282012291458615,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6435689161722588,"citer_contribution":0.8282012291458615,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":72,"citer_count":57,"citers_with_citation_signal":42,"citers_with_endowment":42,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9459,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"ClinicalTrials.gov":["NCT00001246"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":90408,"name":"Christine M. Distèche","orcid":"0000-0002-5433-495X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":232635,"name":"Armin Raznahan","orcid":"0000-0002-5622-1190","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":252,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:07:33.416320Z","pmid":"33171144","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}