{"doi":"10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100839","title":"Gender matters for daily depression: Symptom fluctuations and links to self-expression","abstract":"• Depression is heterogeneous and gendered, requiring intensive longitudinal study. • Over 100 days, women reported greater daily depressive symptom fluctuations than men. • Most women had increased symptoms on days they felt less feminine/more masculine. • Yet, daily gender expression was not linked to symptoms for many in the sample. • Gender matters for daily depression, but in different ways for unique people. Depression is a global health burden, disproportionately affecting women. A lack of contextual, real-life assessments considering the oft-gendered context (e.g., expression) of daily symptom fluctuations may contribute to this disparity. The current study examines: a) gender differences in daily depressive symptoms – and fluctuations; and b) daily links between self-perceived gender expression and depressive symptoms. Established adults ( N = 96; M age = 28.19, SD age = 8.43) participated in an ecologically-valid multi-wave 100-day intensive longitudinal study. They reported daily on their depressive symptoms, and on their self-expression in the final study wave. Gender differences in daily symptoms fluctuations (intraindividual standard deviations) and their links to gender expression (person-specific residualized correlations) were examined. Women experienced greater day-to-day symptom fluctuations than men, after accounting for the gender difference in baseline symptoms ( b = -0.05; 95 % CI: [-0.093, -0.012]). Results from a subsample ( n = 28) showed that daily links between gender expression and depressive symptoms were heterogeneous: For 38.5 % of men and 53.3 % of women, daily increases in congruent gender expressions (i.e., masculine for men and feminine for women) corresponded with daily symptom decreases, but many individuals (46.4 %) did not show meaningful relations. Results highlight the utility of intensive longitudinal approaches for the study of depression and, for some people, the daily psychological relations with gender self-perceptions. Results also emphasize heterogeneity in depression etiology and the need for personalized basic and applied science. Future research on individuals with varying gender identities and clinical experiences is needed.","journal":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports","year":2024,"id":460103,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9556,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":263392,"name":"Natasha Chaku","orcid":"0000-0003-0944-6159","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":317892,"name":"Nestor L. Lopez‐Duran","orcid":"0000-0003-0666-496X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":463905,"name":"Patricia J. Deldin","orcid":"0000-0002-3584-3513","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":351200,"name":"Adriene M. Beltz","orcid":"0000-0001-5754-8083","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":649208,"name":"Ran Yan","orcid":"0000-0001-5492-6827","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":72,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:03.568045Z","pmid":"39640866","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}