{"doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2025.120342","title":"Mental health outcomes among U.S. healthcare workers before, during, and after the 2019 global respiratory pandemic: A population-based study","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Limited evidence exists on the persistence of anxiety and depression in the post-2019 global respiratory pandemic period among healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aims to assess anxiety and depression symptoms among HCWs during the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods-and to examine moderating effects of race and/or ethnicity, nativity, and sexual orientation. METHODS: This study analyzed data from National Health Interview Survey on a nationally representative sample of adults during pre-pandemic (N = 38,109), pandemic (N = 89,693), and post-pandemic (N = 13,895) periods in 2019-2023. The sample included HCWs in the U.S., with direct patient HCW status as the primary independent variable. The primary outcomes were self-reported anxiety and depression, measured using the Washington Group on Disability Statistics Extended Set on Functioning. Weighted logistic regression models were used to assess the associations. RESULTS: Direct HCWs had higher odds of anxiety and depression compared to non-direct HCWs during the pandemic, but there were no significant differences between them before or after the pandemic. Non-Hispanic White (versus racial and/or ethnic minority), sexual minority (versus heterosexual), and U.S.-born (versus foreign-born) individuals had higher odds of anxiety and depression across the three pandemic phases. Nativity was the only significant moderator, with U.S.-born HCWs having higher odds of anxiety and depression compared to foreign-born HCWs during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: U.S.-born HCWs, non-Hispanic White individuals, and sexual minority remain at heightened risk for anxiety and depression, highlighting the need for targeted, long-term mental health interventions to support these vulnerable groups in the post-pandemic era.","journal":"Journal of Affective Disorders","year":2025,"id":574952,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9581,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":917696,"name":"David Adzrago","orcid":"0000-0001-5834-0268","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":845641,"name":"Cameron K. Ormiston","orcid":"0000-0002-3598-616X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":382854,"name":"Faustine Williams","orcid":"0000-0001-5810-1291","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":917697,"name":"Saanie Sulley","orcid":"0000-0001-7615-2164","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":40,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:57:44.572630Z","pmid":"40967410","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}