{"doi":"10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.101785","title":"Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Relationship of Metabolic Syndrome and Individual Components by Race/Ethnicity, 1999-2018","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Nationally representative data on recent trends in racial/ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence and treatment are sparse. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine 20-year trends in the prevalence, treatment, and interrelationships of MetS and its individual components among U.S. adults, overall and by race/ethnicity. METHODS: We evaluated trends from 1999 to 2018 in 20,397 adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Age-standardized prevalence estimates were calculated for MetS, its components, and related prescription drug use. Trends were assessed using weighted linear regression, and racial/ethnic disparities were examined using t-tests. RESULTS: The mean age was 47.5 (47.4-47.6) years; 51.3% were female; 77.9%, 12.8%, and 9.4% were White, Black, and Hispanic, respectively. MetS prevalence increased significantly from 1999 to 2018 across all groups (P < 0.001). Among MetS components, waist circumference and fasting glucose increased across all groups, while triglycerides increased only among Black individuals. Lipid-lowering medication use increased (P < 0.001), but racial/ethnic disparities persisted. Compared to White individuals, Hispanic individuals had lower antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medication use (P < 0.01). Despite increased prescriptions, <65% of eligible individuals received lipid-lowering therapy, and <35% received antihyperglycemic therapy, highlighting substantial treatment gaps. Racial/ethnic differences in MetS component relationships were observed: blood pressure played a larger role in Black individuals, while fasting glucose was more prominent in Hispanic individuals. CONCLUSIONS: MetS prevalence has increased over 2 decades. Persistent racial/ethnic disparities exist in antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and lipid-lowering medication use. Across all racial/ethnic subgroups, large opportunities remain for improving treatment strategies among individuals with medication indications.","journal":"JACC Advances","year":2025,"id":565910,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":0.0,"corpus_rank":10062,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6006,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1469434,"name":"Xumin Li","orcid":"0000-0002-0547-7049","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":829353,"name":"Yuntian Liu","orcid":"0000-0001-6571-6112","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":409416,"name":"César Caraballo","orcid":"0000-0002-4557-9437","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":849563,"name":"Daisy Massey","orcid":"0000-0002-9922-7808","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103993,"name":"Shiwani Mahajan","orcid":"0000-0002-5617-489X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":391160,"name":"Erica S. Spatz","orcid":"0000-0002-1557-7713","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":305644,"name":"Jeph Herrin","orcid":"0000-0002-3671-3622","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1077,"name":"Harlan M. Krumholz","orcid":"0000-0003-2046-127X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":27757,"name":"Yuan Lu","orcid":"0000-0001-5264-2169","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":27,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:56:32.546082Z","pmid":"40373521","pmcid":"PMC12144450","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}