{"doi":"10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102118","title":"Development and validation of the NIH Baby Toolbox® Executive Function and Memory measures","abstract":"Existing standardized assessments of Executive Function and Memory (EF-Mem) for infants and toddlers tend to be limited in scope, can be burdensome to administer, and/or do not often utilize modern technology. Here, we describe the development and validation of the novel iPad-based EF-Mem measures in the NIH Baby Toolbox® for infants and young children 1-42 months old. English and Spanish versions of gaze-based (Familiarization) and touch-based measures (Mullen Visual Reception, Visual Delayed Response, Delayed Memory Task) were adapted for iPad administration. A nationally representative sample of children (N = 2515 recruited; N = 2448 who completed at least one EF-Mem measure; n = 1993 English, n = 455 Spanish) were administered the Baby Toolbox EF-Mem measures as part of the full battery of Baby Toolbox measures. Most caregivers completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd edition (ASQ-3), and separate subsets of children were administered the Bayley Scales for Infant Development 4th Edition (Bayley-4, n = 120 recruited; n = 117 that completed both EF-Mem and the Bayley-4) or were administered the Baby Toolbox battery again 1-14 days later to assess test-retest reliability (n = 220 recruited; n = 187 who completed any EF-Mem measure twice). Measure-level scores showed expected correlations with age for gaze and touch measures. EF-Mem scores showed expected correlations with the Bayley-4 for both gaze and touch, indicating convergent validity, and varied meaningfully based on the ASQ-3 classifications. Test-retest reliability for all measures and empirical reliability of the touch scores were moderate. Automatic coding and scoring, ease of administration, reliability, and validity of Baby Toolbox EF-Mem make these measures valuable for developmental assessment.","journal":"Infant Behavior and Development","year":2025,"id":531659,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8696,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1382627,"name":"Yun-Hee Han","orcid":"0009-0006-1519-8832","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":272281,"name":"Aaron J. Kaat","orcid":"0000-0001-8147-1899","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":671144,"name":"Maxwell Mansolf","orcid":"0000-0001-6861-8657","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1251136,"name":"Elizabeth M. Dworak","orcid":"0000-0003-4589-1663","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1256568,"name":"Sarah Pila","orcid":"0000-0002-8070-5929","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122497,"name":"Lihua Yao","orcid":"0009-0001-3146-5455","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":389121,"name":"Stephanie M. Carlson","orcid":"0000-0002-7731-9250","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":700450,"name":"Lisa M. Oakes","orcid":"0000-0002-6701-2853","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":304194,"name":"Richard Gershon","orcid":"0000-0003-0085-0112","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228959,"name":"Philip David Zelazo","orcid":"0000-0001-6017-2988","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1074590,"name":"Rachel M. Flynn","orcid":"0000-0002-2522-2932","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":36,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:51:14.579161Z","pmid":"40774047","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}