{"doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2025.122935","title":"Estrogen-containing contraceptive use and blood lead concentrations in a cohort of premenopausal individuals","abstract":"After exposure, toxic metal lead is stored in the skeleton and is mobilized to systemic circulation with bone turnover. Given the bone-conserving properties of estrogen, we investigated whether current use of estrogen-containing contraception is associated with lower blood lead concentrations. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using enrollment data from the Study of Environment, Lifestyle & Fibroids (SELF), a cohort of 1693 Black women ages 23-35 years enrolled in years 2010-2012. The study population was restricted to non-users of injectable hormonal contraception with questionnaire data on hormonal contraceptive use and laboratory data on whole blood lead concentrations (n = 1549). The geometric mean blood lead concentrations for current users of estrogen-containing contraception and non-users were 0.41 μg/dl (95 % CI: 0.39-0.43) and 0.51 μg/dl (95 % CI: 0.50-0.52), respectively. After adjusting for age, education, current smoking status, alcohol consumption, recency of injectable contraceptive hormone use, and recent birth using a multivariable linear regression model to estimate the percent difference in blood lead concentrations, current use of estrogen-containing contraception was associated with an 11 % lower blood-lead concentrations (95 % CI: -16 %, -5 %). In exploratory analyses considering contraceptive type, current combined oral contraceptive users (n = 187) had 10 % lower blood lead concentrations (95 % CI: -16 %, -4 %) and contraceptive vaginal ring/transdermal patch users (n = 33) had 18 % lower blood lead concentrations (95 % CI: -29 %, -5 %) compared with non-users. Given the known toxic effects of lead and the common use of estrogen-containing contraception, further research is warranted to confirm our observation of lower blood lead concentrations with current use of estrogen-containing contraception.","journal":"Environmental Research","year":2025,"id":547230,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9388,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":966773,"name":"Mandy S. Hall","orcid":"0000-0003-0093-8392","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1440073,"name":"Arianna Foster","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":294195,"name":"Donna D. Baird","orcid":"0000-0002-5544-2653","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":294198,"name":"Quaker E. Harmon","orcid":"0000-0002-5866-848X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":54933,"name":"Robert O. Wright","orcid":"0000-0003-1180-6459","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724354,"name":"Julio A. Landero Figueroa","orcid":"0000-0001-8641-0497","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299053,"name":"Renee Heffron","orcid":"0000-0001-6039-0352","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":329832,"name":"Lauren A. Wise","orcid":"0000-0003-2138-3752","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":294197,"name":"Ganesa Wegienka","orcid":"0000-0001-7281-1193","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342209,"name":"Ruth J. Geller","orcid":"0000-0001-8828-0761","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":371912,"name":"Amelia K. Wesselink","orcid":"0000-0002-3929-4451","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":732465,"name":"Samantha Schildroth","orcid":"0000-0002-7845-3566","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104602,"name":"Janet E. Hall","orcid":"0000-0003-4644-3061","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":402539,"name":"Erik J. Tokar","orcid":"0000-0002-1668-2830","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":402538,"name":"Kristen Upson","orcid":"0000-0001-9598-8776","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1440072,"name":"Lauren Elizabeth Chapman","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":35,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:53:41.314800Z","pmid":"41015173","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}