{"doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2025.121646","title":"Gestational exposures to mixtures of multiple chemical classes and autism spectrum disorder in the MARBLES study","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiologic studies on gestational chemical exposures and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often lack analysis of chemical mixtures or are limited to investigating certain chemical classes. OBJECTIVE: We examined the impact of multi-class chemical mixtures on ASD risk, using data from the MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risks in Babies-Learning Early Signs) cohort. METHODS: Children were clinically assessed at age 3 and classified as ASD, typical development (TD), or non-TD with other neurodevelopmental concerns. In blood or urine from 105 pregnant mothers, we quantified 42 biomarkers across 5 chemical classes: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), parabens, phenols, phthalates, and organophosphate esters (OPEs). We only analyzed 30 biomarkers detected in >50 % of the sample. After identifying clusters with similar chemical profiles via hierarchical clustering, we applied linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to compute LDA exposure summary scores. In covariate-adjusted models, we used LDA scores to assess co-adjusted, multipollutant associations (relative risk [RR]) with ASD or non-TD, via quasi-Poisson regression. We further examined overall mixture effect and chemical interactions with Bayesian kernel machine regression. RESULTS: We identified four distinct clusters: PFAS (Cluster 1), OPEs (Cluster 2), parabens and triclosan (Cluster 3), and phthalates and bisphenol A (Cluster 4). Relative to TD, LDA scores for each cluster were associated with increased risk of ASD (RR [95 % CI]: 1.14 [1.03, 1.25], 1.12 [1.01, 1.24], 1.17 [1.07, 1.29], 1.17 [1.07, 1.28] for Cluster 1-4, respectively), whereas clusters 2 and 4 were associated with non-TD (1.07 [1.01, 1.14] and 1.12 [1.05, 1.19], respectively). Cumulative exposure across the four clusters was linked to increased risk of both ASD and non-TD. Potential interactions within and between clusters were observed. CONCLUSION: This study shows that considering multiple chemical classes resulted in stronger associations with ASD and non-TD risk, compared to when investigated separately in our previous studies.","journal":"Environmental Research","year":2025,"id":523117,"datarank":0.251042701765815,"base_score":1.6094379124341003,"endowment":1.6094379124341003,"self_citation_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citation_network_contribution":0.009627014900699928,"self_endowment_contribution":0.24141568686511508,"citer_contribution":0.009627014900699928,"corpus_percentile":40.241355302854494,"corpus_rank":7726,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":1,"citers_with_citation_signal":1,"citers_with_endowment":1,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6296,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1376144,"name":"Hyuna Jang","orcid":"0000-0002-5173-8967","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":628844,"name":"Jordan R. Kuiper","orcid":"0000-0002-4285-1562","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288817,"name":"Deborah H. Bennett","orcid":"0000-0001-6698-2316","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288819,"name":"Rebecca J. Schmidt","orcid":"0000-0003-1582-2747","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288820,"name":"Hyeong‐Moo Shin","orcid":"0000-0002-7001-2555","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1287708,"name":"Jeong Weon Choi","orcid":"0000-0003-2065-4645","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":81,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:49:58.707747Z","pmid":"40250579","pmcid":"PMC12328019","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}