{"doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109842","title":"Changes in the levels and predictors of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in maternal plasma, relative to timelines of EPA PFOA Stewardship","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Declines of several common-studied PFAS noted in the U.S. likely reflect policies that successfully reduced long-chained PFAS production and emission such as the EPA PFOA Stewardship Program. Policy impacts on under-studied PFAS and on predictors of PFAS exposure remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in population-levels and exposure predictors of 10 PFAS in the Boston Birth Cohort (BBC) by Stewardship timelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 1,288 BBC mothers who delivered 1999-2016, the current study focused on 10 PFAS in plasma samples collected 24-72 h postpartum. We estimated PFAS percent differences (%Δ), stratified by the Stewardship timelines. We evaluated predictors related to sources, vulnerability, blood-loss, and diet during pregnancy. RESULTS: The majority of participants were Black (65 %); 8 PFAS were commonly detected (>85 %). PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFHpS, and Me-PFOSA-AcOH decreased by up to 88 % during PFOA reduction-period (2006-2009) or elimination-period (2010-2016) compared to pre-policy (1999-2005), regardless of race/ethnicity; PFNA, PFUnA, PFDeA, PFDoA, and GenX increased by up to 104 % among non-White mothers. PFAS were up to 148 % higher in mothers who frequently consumed shellfish or fish or vegetables, worked, owned pet(s), or had wall-to-wall carpet, with stronger associations post-policy for shellfish, fish, and working. PFAS were up to 36 % lower in mothers who had cesarean-section, took vitamin supplements, or lived overseas during pregnancy, with weaker associations post-policy for delivery type and country of residence. CONCLUSION: Chemical policies can be effective at reducing PFAS exposures at the population-level, although the beneficial effects may not be equal across population-subgroups and could increase unregulated chemical exposures. Fish and vegetable consumption and occupational status were consistently associated with higher levels, while patterns of other predictors changed over time.","journal":"Environment International","year":2025,"id":529016,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9548,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":275578,"name":"Joseph M. Braun","orcid":"0000-0002-5239-3235","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105707,"name":"Alexander P. Keil","orcid":"0000-0002-0955-6107","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298305,"name":"Tracey J. Woodruff","orcid":"0000-0003-3622-1297","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":471447,"name":"Shelley H. Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-2171-059X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":88942,"name":"Xiumei Hong","orcid":"0000-0003-3992-1918","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":330615,"name":"Guoying Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-9423-8946","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1239144,"name":"Shawn P. O’Leary","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1238718,"name":"Chang Ho Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-7228-1417","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":685587,"name":"Zhihua Fan","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":375992,"name":"Colleen Pearson","orcid":"0000-0001-6669-6774","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":441879,"name":"Marsha Wills‐Karp","orcid":"0000-0001-7929-1362","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":88947,"name":"Xiaobin Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-4451-302X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105708,"name":"Jessie P. Buckley","orcid":"0000-0001-7976-0157","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":656784,"name":"Giehae Choi","orcid":"0000-0002-9076-7349","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":43,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:50:52.565868Z","pmid":"41075712","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}