{"doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109472","title":"Prenatal phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in infants at 12 months","abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Anogenital distance (AGD) is a postnatal marker of in utero exposure to androgens and anti-androgens, and a predictor of reproductive health. We examined the association between gestational exposure to phthalates and AGD in male and female infants. METHODS: In 506 mother-infant pairs (276 males, 230 females), we measured urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites at < 18 and 18-25 weeks of gestation and AGD at child age 12.9 months (95 % range 11.4-21.1). Phthalate metabolite concentrations were adjusted for urinary dilution, averaged, and natural log-transformed. We measured anus-clitoris distance (AGDac) and anus-fourchette distance (AGDaf) in females, and anus-scrotum distance, anus-penis distance, and penile width in males. We used linear regression and partial-linear single-index (PLSI) models to examine associations between phthalates and AGD as single pollutants and in mixture. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of mothers were Hispanic, followed by 27 % non-Hispanic White. Higher exposures to ∑di-isononyl(phthalate) (∑DiNP) was associated with longer AGDaf [1.28 mm (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.52, 2.03) and 0.97 mm (95 %CI: 0.25, 1.69), respectively]. Higher exposures to ∑di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (∑DEHP) was associated with longer AGDac [2.80 mm (95 %CI: 1.17, 4.44), and 1.90 mm (95 %CI: 0.76, 3.04), respectively]. No association was observed between phthalate metabolites and AGD in males after multiple testing correction. In mixture analyses, ∑DiNP and ∑DEHP were the main contributors to longer AGD in females. We also detected an interaction between ∑DiNP and ∑DEHP in association with AGD in females. CONCLUSION: Early pregnancy phthalate exposure was associated with longer AGD in female infants. Biological mechanisms underlying these associations should be further investigated.","journal":"Environment International","year":2025,"id":519385,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9253,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1156374,"name":"Nicole B. Salvi","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1146063,"name":"Eunsil Seok","orcid":"0000-0002-1999-563X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":510284,"name":"Yuyan Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-1652-0759","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":329106,"name":"Mengling Liu","orcid":"0000-0001-9758-8522","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":291977,"name":"Kurunthachalam Kannan","orcid":"0000-0002-1926-7456","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":290853,"name":"Linda G. Kahn","orcid":"0000-0002-6512-6160","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23302,"name":"Leonardo Trasande","orcid":"0000-0002-1928-597X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":256218,"name":"Akhgar Ghassabian","orcid":"0000-0001-9551-4706","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1018490,"name":"Kim N. Cajachagua‐Torres","orcid":"0000-0002-0213-6935","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":84,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:49:18.751199Z","pmid":"40262489","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}