{"doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109429","title":"Greenspace and depression incidence in the US-based nationwide Nurses' Health Study II: A deep learning analysis of street-view imagery","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Greenspace exposure is associated with lower depression risk. However, most studies have measured greenspace exposure using satellite-based vegetation indices, leading to potential exposure misclassification and limited policy relevance. We examined the association of street-view greenspace measures with incident depression in a prospective cohort of US women. METHODS: We applied deep learning segmentation models to 350 million US street-view images nationwide (2007-2020) to derive ground-level greenspace metrics, including percentage of trees, grass, and other greenspace (plants/flowers/fields), and linked metrics to Nurses' Health Study II participants' residences (N = 33,490) within 500 m each year. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the relationship between street-view greenspace metrics and incident depression, assessed through self-report of clinician-diagnosed depression or regular antidepressant use and adjusted for individual- and area-level factors. FINDINGS: ) levels (HR per IQR, 0.79; 95%CI: 0.71-0.86). Results were consistent after adjusting for additional spatial and behavioral factors, and persisted after adjusting for traditional satellite-based vegetation indices. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: We observed participants who lived in areas with more trees visible in street-view images had a lower risk of depression. Our findings suggest tree-planting interventions may reduce depression risk.","journal":"Environment International","year":2025,"id":511772,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":14,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9604,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":104572,"name":"Jaime E. Hart","orcid":"0000-0002-0826-1163","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1045329,"name":"Charlotte Roscoe","orcid":"0000-0002-9169-6458","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1074447,"name":"Unnati Mehta","orcid":"0000-0002-0727-4413","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":217976,"name":"Marcia Pescador Jimenez","orcid":"0000-0001-5240-7898","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":337655,"name":"Pi‐I D. Lin","orcid":"0000-0003-3564-4255","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":868793,"name":"Esra Süel","orcid":"0000-0001-9246-3966","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":246288,"name":"Perry Hystad","orcid":"0000-0002-9454-4986","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1226188,"name":"Steve Hankey","orcid":"0000-0002-7530-6077","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1227252,"name":"Wenwen Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-2517-8601","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":323420,"name":"Olivia I. Okereke","orcid":"0000-0002-9523-2693","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":86191,"name":"Francine Laden","orcid":"0000-0002-2813-2174","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242719,"name":"Peter James","orcid":"0000-0002-2858-1973","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":693979,"name":"Li Yi","orcid":"0000-0001-6018-0793","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":68,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:48:01.269605Z","pmid":"40209395","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}