{"doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2022.107235","title":"Urinary phthalate metabolite mixtures in pregnancy and fetal growth: Findings from the infant development and the environment study","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Prenatal phthalate exposure has been linked to reductions in fetal growth in animal and laboratory studies, but epidemiologic evidence is equivocal. OBJECTIVE: Examine the association between prenatal phthalate metabolite mixtures and fetal growth and evaluate whether that association is modified by fetal sex or omega-3 intake during pregnancy. METHODS: Analyses included 604 singleton pregnancies from TIDES, a prospective pregnancy cohort with spot urine samples and questionnaires collected in each trimester. Pregnancy-averaged phthalate exposure estimates were calculated as the geometric means of specific-gravity corrected phthalate metabolites. Fetal growth outcomes included birthweight and length, and ultrasound-derived size and velocity of estimated fetal weight, femur length, abdominal and head circumferences in the second and third trimesters. We used a novel application of quantile g-computation to estimate the joint association between pregnancy-averaged phthalate exposure and fetal growth, and to examine effect modification of that association by infant sex or omega-3 intake during pregnancy. RESULTS: There were few statistically significant differences in birth size and fetal growth by exposure. A one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was modestly associated with reduced birthweight(β [95% confidence interval)]: -54.6 [-128.9, 19.7] grams; p = 0.15) and length (-0.2 [-0.6, 0.2] centimeters; p = 0.40). A one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was associated with reduced birth length in males (-0.5 [-1.0, 0.0] centimeters) but not for females (0.1 [-0.2, 0.3] centimeters); interaction p = 0.05. The phthalate metabolite mixture was inversely associated with ultrasound-derived fetal growth among those with adequate omega-3 intake. For example, a one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was associated with reduced abdominal circumference in the third trimesters in those with adequate omega-3 intake (-3.3 [-6.8, 0.1] millimeters) but not those with inadequate omega-3 intake (1.8 [-0.8, 4.5] millimeters); interaction p = 0.01. CONCLUSION: Prenatal phthalate exposure was not significantly associated with fetal growth outcomes, with some exceptions for certain subgroups.","journal":"Environment International","year":2022,"id":247418,"datarank":0.5333022092234121,"base_score":3.5553480614894135,"endowment":3.5553480614894135,"self_citation_contribution":0.5333022092234121,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5333022092234121,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":34,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8911,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":588888,"name":"Paige A. Bommarito","orcid":"0000-0002-4794-3570","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105707,"name":"Alexander P. Keil","orcid":"0000-0002-0955-6107","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":302451,"name":"Thomas F. McElrath","orcid":"0000-0003-0857-0107","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23302,"name":"Leonardo Trasande","orcid":"0000-0002-1928-597X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228378,"name":"Emily S. Barrett","orcid":"0000-0001-9463-524X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275836,"name":"Nicole R. Bush","orcid":"0000-0003-0217-9975","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342103,"name":"Ruby H.N. Nguyen","orcid":"0000-0002-6598-8457","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":325493,"name":"Sheela Sathyanarayana","orcid":"0000-0002-1480-0397","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":342104,"name":"Shanna H. Swan","orcid":"0000-0001-9564-0614","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105710,"name":"Kelly K. Ferguson","orcid":"0000-0001-8467-3250","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":422442,"name":"Danielle R. Stevens","orcid":"0000-0002-4321-8355","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":66,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:23:53.369530Z","pmid":"35429919","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}