{"doi":"10.1016/j.ekir.2024.02.005","title":"Effects of Medications on the in vitro Growth of Gut Bacteria Associated With Kidney Stones","abstract":"Kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis) is a disorder of mineral metabolism that is punctuated by painful, episodic events. The prevalence of kidney stone disease has doubled in 30 years with the greatest increases in incidence observed in adolescents and young women.1Hill A.J. Basourakos S.P. Lewicki P. et al.Incidence of Kidney Stones in the United States: The Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.J Urol. 2022; 207: 851-856Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar,2Tasian G.E. Ross M.E. Song L. et al.Annual Incidence of Nephrolithiasis among Children and Adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2016; 11: 488-496Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Previous studies demonstrated that antibiotics are associated with kidney stone disease3Tasian G.E. Jemielita T. Goldfarb D.S. et al.Oral Antibiotic Exposure and Kidney Stone Disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 29: 1731-1740Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar and that the gut microbiome and metabolome of children and adolescents with calcium kidney stone disease is altered compared to healthy controls.4Denburg M.R. Koepsell K. Lee J.J. et al.Perturbations of the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Children with Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020; 31: 1358-1369Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar In particular, bacterial taxa that degrade oxalate and produce butyrate were less abundant among stone formers, suggesting these bacterial taxa may be lithoprotective. The impact of medications on these taxa is unknown. Here, we determine the effect of commonly prescribed medications that have been associated with kidney stones3Tasian G.E. Jemielita T. Goldfarb D.S. et al.Oral Antibiotic Exposure and Kidney Stone Disease.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018; 29: 1731-1740Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar,5Sur R.L. Masterson J.H. Palazzi K.L. et al.Impact of statins on nephrolithiasis in hyperlipidemic patients: a 10-year review of an equal access health care system.Clin Nephrol. 2013; 79: 351-355Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar,6Simonov M. Abel E.A. Skanderson M. et al.Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Increases Risk of Incident Kidney Stones.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; Google Scholar on the growth of selected oxalate-degrading and butyrate-producing bacterial taxa in vitro. Ciprofloxacin had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of Oxalobacter formingenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Ruminococcus bromii, and had a mild inhibitory effect on Lactobacillus gasseri at all concentrations. At the lowest dose, ciprofloxacin enhanced growth of F. prausnitzii. Similarly, omeprazole inhibited the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis in a dose-dependent manner, with the lowest dose enhancing growth. Omeprazole had a neutral to positive effect on the growth of L. gasseri. Famotidine had inhibitory or neutral effects on all bacteria except for L. gasseri, for which growth was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Celecoxib had neutral or dose-dependent inhibitory effects on all bacterial taxa, except at 1 μg/mL, it enhanced growth of F. prausnitzii. Similarly, simvastatin had dose-dependent inhibitory effects for all bacterial taxa except for mild increases in bacterial growth at 1 μg/mL for B. animalis, E. Faecalis, and F. prausnitzii. Please see the Figure for the dose-response effect of the medications on all bacterial taxa. The human gastrointestinal tract is a complicated environment in which the microbiome has an important role in the maintenance of health and susceptibility to disease. Gut bacteria break down medications and produce downstream metabolites that impact the local gut environment and could have downstream effects on other organ systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of several commonly used medications that have been associated with kidney stones and determined their effects on the growth of different ba","journal":"Kidney International Reports","year":2024,"id":494181,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.964,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":577090,"name":"Dylan Curry","orcid":"0000-0003-4743-4335","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":520752,"name":"Elliot S. Friedman","orcid":"0000-0003-0050-4965","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":312222,"name":"Michelle Denburg","orcid":"0000-0002-0704-3607","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":467757,"name":"Gregory E. Tasian","orcid":"0000-0001-7136-1485","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376681,"name":"Jing Bi‐Karchin","orcid":"0000-0001-8057-7448","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":12,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:09:07.920649Z","pmid":"38707803","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}