{"doi":"10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100975","title":"Centenarians and extremely old people living with frailty can elicit durable SARS-CoV-2 spike specific IgG antibodies with virus neutralization functions following virus infection as determined by serological study","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2) has led to more than 165 million COVID-19 cases and >3.4 million deaths worldwide. Epidemiological analysis has revealed that the risk of developing severe COVID-19 increases with age. Despite a disproportionate number of older individuals and long-term care facilities being affected by SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, very little is understood about the immune responses and development of humoral immunity in the extremely old person after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we conducted a serological study to investigate the development of humoral immunity in centenarians following a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a long-term care facility. METHODS: Extreme aged individuals and centenarians who were residents in a long-term care facility and infected with or exposed to SARS-CoV-2 were investigated between April and June 2020 for the development of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Blood samples were collected from positive and bystander individuals 30 and 60 days after original diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Plasma was used to quantify IgG, IgA, and IgM isotypes and subsequent subclasses of antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The function of anti-spike was then assessed by virus neutralization assays against the native SARS-CoV-2 virus. FINDINGS: Fifteen long-term care residents were investigated for SARS-CoV-2 infection. All individuals had a Clinical Frailty scale score ≥5 and were of extreme older age or were centenarians. Six women with a median age of 98.8 years tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Anti-spike IgG antibody titers were the highest titers observed in our cohort with all IgG positive individuals having virus neutralization ability. Additionally, 5 out of the 6 positive participants had a robust IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 response. In all 5, antibodies were detected after 60 days from initial diagnosis.","journal":"EClinicalMedicine","year":2021,"id":178507,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":19,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9628,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":724278,"name":"Samuel D. Searle","orcid":"0000-0001-5729-0123","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724279,"name":"Ali Toloue Ostadgavahi","orcid":"0000-0002-4655-0978","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":725069,"name":"Ryan Booth","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":725070,"name":"Alec Falkenham","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":218416,"name":"Darryl Falzarano","orcid":"0000-0002-8805-8068","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724280,"name":"Salvatore Rubino","orcid":"0000-0002-3472-6702","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724281,"name":"Magen E. Francis","orcid":"0000-0002-8339-2454","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724282,"name":"Mara McNeil","orcid":"0000-0001-6557-2868","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724283,"name":"Christopher T. Richardson","orcid":"0000-0002-7692-1768","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724284,"name":"Jason J. LeBlanc","orcid":"0000-0003-0593-0357","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724285,"name":"Sharon A. Oldford","orcid":"0000-0001-8712-0328","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724286,"name":"Volker Gerdts","orcid":"0000-0001-8229-1611","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":253998,"name":"Melissa K. Andrew","orcid":"0000-0001-7514-8972","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":345145,"name":"Shelly McNeil","orcid":"0000-0001-5444-4166","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724287,"name":"Barry Clarke","orcid":"0000-0001-9062-1713","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":85737,"name":"Kenneth Rockwood","orcid":"0000-0002-6674-995X","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105518,"name":"David J. Kelvin","orcid":"0000-0002-3702-954X","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":402629,"name":"Alyson A. Kelvin","orcid":"0000-0003-0940-0847","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":724277,"name":"Mary K. Foley","orcid":"0009-0002-5462-5009","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":53,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:47:40.592580Z","pmid":"34222846","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}