{"doi":"10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.005","title":"Differences in time to injection onset by drug in California: Implications for the emerging heroin epidemic","abstract":null,"journal":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","year":2018,"id":655902,"datarank":0.44166584687496613,"base_score":2.9444389791664403,"endowment":2.9444389791664403,"self_citation_contribution":0.44166584687496613,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.44166584687496613,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":18,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":559738,"name":"Daniel Chu","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270129,"name":"Lynn D. Wenger","orcid":"0000-0002-6527-7575","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":795041,"name":"Philippe Bourgois","orcid":"0000-0002-1600-233X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1712170,"name":"Thomas Valente","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270133,"name":"Alex H. Kral","orcid":"0000-0002-9092-3671","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270128,"name":"Ricky N. Bluthenthal","orcid":"0000-0003-3491-1702","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Differences in time to injection onset by drug in California: Implications for the emerging heroin epidemic","abstract":"Heroin use is increasing in the US. Heroin use may predispose users towards injection routes of drug administration as compared to other illicit substances.To explore the relationship between heroin use and drug injection, we compared time from first use to first injection (referred to as time to injection onset by drug [TTIOD]) of heroin, methamphetamine/speed, cocaine, and crack cocaine among people who inject drugs (PWID).Age of first use and first injection by drug was collected from 776 PWID. Survival analyses were used to determine TTIOD and to examine demographic factors associated with TTIOD. Cox regression analysis was used to determine demographic factors associated with drug-specific injection onset.The eventual injection onset rate by the drug was 99% for participants who used heroin, 85% for participants who used methamphetamine/speed, 80% for participants who used powder cocaine, and 38% for participants who used crack cocaine. Hazard ratios for injection use within one year of first use by drug were: 1.37 (median survival time [MST] = 0.61 years) for heroin, 0.66 (MST = 1.10 years) for methamphetamine/speed, 0.50 (MST = 2.93 years) for powder cocaine, and 0.12 (MST = 39.59 years) for crack cocaine. Demographic differences in TTIOD were found for each drug. Demographic differences were found for eventual injection by drug for all substances except heroin.Among PWID, heroin use was associated with a more rapid transition to injection and a higher rate of eventual heroin injection regardless of demographics. More robust, innovative efforts to reduce heroin use and prevent injection initiation are urgently needed.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":2.9444389791664403,"endowment":2.9444389791664403,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"29477084","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2792529758","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01DA038965-03","title":"Preventing injection initiation: The Change The Cycle Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"1R01DA037820-01A1","title":"Heroin in Transition"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"3UL1TR001881-01S2","title":"UCLA Clinical Translational Science Institute"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"3P30CA014089-17S1","title":"USC COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER (CORE) SUPPORT"},{"funder_name":"National Institutes of Health","grant_id":"5R01DA027689-02","title":"Exploratory Research on Late Initiation of Drug Injection"},{"funder_name":"NIDA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 DA038965","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIDA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 DA027689","title":null},{"funder_name":"NCI NIH HHS","grant_id":"P30 CA014089","title":null},{"funder_name":"NCATS NIH HHS","grant_id":"UL1 TR001881","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIDA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 DA037820","title":null},{"funder_name":"NIDA NIH HHS","grant_id":"R01 DA010164","title":null}],"total_grants":11,"fwci":1.6521,"citation_percentile":0.83101338,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2018,"count":1},{"year":2019,"count":6},{"year":2020,"count":1},{"year":2021,"count":3},{"year":2022,"count":1},{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":2},{"year":2025,"count":2}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"Elsevier TDM","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0376871618300863?httpAccept=text/xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0376871618300863?httpAccept=text/plain","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.005","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29477084","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5889717","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sw521kt","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0376871618300863","host_type":""},{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.005","host_type":""},{"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt4sw521kt/qt4sw521kt.pdf","host_type":""},{"url":"https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.005","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","0302 clinical medicine","0305 other medical science","03 medical and health sciences","Adult","California","Epidemics","Female","Heroin","Heroin Dependence","Humans","Male","Methamphetamine","Middle Aged","Risk Factors","Substance Abuse, Intravenous","Time Factors","Young Adult"],"mesh_terms":["Adult","California","Heroin","Female","Heroin Dependence","Humans","Male","Methamphetamine","Middle Aged","Risk Factors","Time Factors","Substance Abuse, Intravenous","Young Adult","Epidemics"],"keywords":["Heroin","Methamphetamine","Medicine","Drug injection","Drug","Demographics","Pharmacology","Demography","Prevention (rcdc)","Male","Time Factors","Epidemiology","11 Medical and Health Sciences (for)","Substance Abuse (science-metrix)","Medical and Health Sciences","California","Substance Misuse","Injection drugs","Risk Factors","32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (for-2020)","Male (mesh)","3101 Biochemistry and cell biology (for-2020)","Substance Abuse, Intravenous","3214 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (for-2020)","Humans (mesh)","Time Factors (mesh)","Young Adult (mesh)","Substance Misuse (rcdc)","3 Good Health and Well Being (sdg)","Drug Abuse (NIDA only) (rcdc)","Heroin Dependence","Substance Abuse","Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences","Middle Aged","Time to injection onset","6.1 Pharmaceuticals","Female","Intravenous","Behavioral and Social Science (rcdc)","California (mesh)","Adult","Methamphetamine (mesh)","Epidemics (mesh)","Young Adult","Risk Factors (mesh)","Behavioral and Social Science","616","Middle Aged (mesh)","Humans","17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (for)","PWID","Epidemics","Heroin Dependence (mesh)","6.1 Pharmaceuticals (hrcs-rac)","Biomedical and Clinical Sciences","Prevention","Heroin (mesh)","Psychology and Cognitive Sciences","Methamphetamine (rcdc)","Good Health and Well Being","Biochemistry and cell biology","Female (mesh)","Intravenous (mesh)","4202 Epidemiology (for-2020)","Adult (mesh)","Drug Abuse (NIDA only)"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":3,"sdg_label":"3. 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