{"doi":"10.1016/j.dadr.2025.100378","title":"Isradipine enhancement of virtual reality cue exposure therapy is effective for individuals with higher baseline cue-induced craving","abstract":"Introduction: Evidence based treatments for smoking cessation have high recurrence rates. Targeting cue-induced craving, a strong predictor of smoking recurrence, may be critical to promoting sustained abstinence. We previously found that isradipine, an FDA-approved antihypertensive, enhanced the effect of virtual reality cue exposure therapy (VR-CET) on cue-induced craving. In this secondary analysis we tested whether this augmentation strategy was more beneficial for participants with high (relative to low) baseline cue-induced craving. Methods: After a 24-h abstinence challenge, participants (N = 78) completed a single session of VR-CET with isradipine or placebo, and returned for a 24-h follow-up to repeat the procedure in a medication-free state. We conducted a moderator analysis to test the hypothesis that the effect of isradipine on cue-induced craving at follow-up would be larger among participants with higher (relative to lower) baseline cue-reactivity. Results: = 0.11). Conclusions: Results suggest isradipine enhances VR-CET, particularly for individuals with higher baseline levels of cue-induced craving. Future studies testing prevention strategies that target higher cue-induced craving with isradipine to reduce rates of smoking recurrence are warranted.","journal":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports","year":2025,"id":574722,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9542,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":444288,"name":"Cara C. Young","orcid":"0000-0001-6599-7145","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":708852,"name":"Richard A. Brown","orcid":"0000-0003-1458-9285","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":669821,"name":"Haruka Minami","orcid":"0000-0002-0169-0459","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":444289,"name":"Hitoshi Morikawa","orcid":"0000-0002-2948-493X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":443307,"name":"Michael W. Otto","orcid":"0000-0002-8915-7578","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":444290,"name":"John D. Roache","orcid":"0000-0002-7010-8119","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":443309,"name":"Jasper A. J. Smits","orcid":"0000-0003-1633-9693","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":444287,"name":"Santiago Papini","orcid":"0000-0002-8109-4437","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":18,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:57:44.572630Z","pmid":"41552414","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}