{"doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.015","title":"Assessing the association between global structural brain age and polygenic risk for schizophrenia in early adulthood: A recall-by-genotype study","abstract":"Neuroimaging studies consistently show advanced brain age in schizophrenia, suggesting that brain structure is often ‘older’ than expected at a given chronological age. Whether advanced brain age is linked to genetic liability for schizophrenia remains unclear. In this pre-registered secondary data analysis, we utilised a recall-by-genotype approach applied to a population-based subsample from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to assess brain age differences between young adults aged 21-24 years with relatively high (n=96) and low (n=93) polygenic risk for schizophrenia (SCZ-PRS). A global index of brain age (or brain-predicted age) was estimated using a publicly available machine learning model previously trained on a combination of region-wise gray-matter measures, including cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volumes derived from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. We found no difference in mean brain-PAD (the difference between brain-predicted age and chronological age) between the high- and low- SCZ-PRS groups, controlling for the effects of sex and age at time of scanning (b = - 0.21; 95% CI -2.00, 1.58; p = 0.82; Cohen’s d = - 0.03; partial R2 = 0.00029). These findings do not support an association between SCZ-PRS and brain-PAD based on global age-related structural brain patterns, suggesting that brain age may not be a vulnerability marker of common genetic risk for SCZ. Future studies with larger samples and multimodal brain age measures could further investigate global or localised effects of SCZ-PRS.","journal":"Cortex","year":2023,"id":353401,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8686,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":556911,"name":"Vilte Baltramonaityte","orcid":"0000-0002-9776-735X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270423,"name":"Doretta Caramaschi","orcid":"0000-0002-9740-871X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109312,"name":"Laura K. M. Han","orcid":"0000-0001-9647-3723","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107834,"name":"T. Lancaster","orcid":"0000-0003-1322-2449","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":363700,"name":"Stanley Zammit","orcid":"0000-0002-2647-9211","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736198,"name":"Tom P. Freeman","orcid":"0000-0002-5667-507X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109337,"name":"Esther Walton","orcid":"0000-0002-0935-2200","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":846371,"name":"Constantinos Constantinides","orcid":"0000-0002-0312-9534","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":116,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:12:58.542950Z","pmid":"38154374","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}