{"doi":"10.1016/j.cgh.2023.07.007","title":"High Use of Estrogen-based Contraceptives in Young Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States","abstract":"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and estrogen-based contraceptives both increase thromboembolism risk,1Limdi J.K. et al.Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019; 25: 1603-1612Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar leading some gastroenterologists to recommend that women with IBD avoid estrogen-based contraceptives when possible, regardless of age.2Mahadevan U. et al.Gastroenterology. 2019; 156: 1508-1524Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar,3Truta B. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2021; 37: 306-312Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar However, these recommendations are based on data largely from women with IBD older than age 25,4Peragallo Urrutia R. et al.Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 122: 380-389Crossref PubMed Google Scholar,5Yuhara H. et al.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 37: 953-962Crossref PubMed Scopus (151) Google Scholar and the absolute risk of thromboembolism increases substantially with age.6Curtis K.M. et al.MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016; 65: 1-103Google Scholar No prior studies have evaluated contraception use or safety specifically among women with IBD aged 15–25. Accordingly, pediatric IBD preventive care resources omit contraception,7DeFilippis E.M. et al.Pediatrics. 2016; 138e20151971Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar and adult IBD contraceptive recommendations do not address the unique needs of young women.2Mahadevan U. et al.Gastroenterology. 2019; 156: 1508-1524Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar Young women in general tend to prefer estrogen-based contraceptives8Kavanaugh M.L. et al.F S Rep. 2020; 1: 83-93Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar because they are easily accessible, decrease dysmenorrhea, and alleviate menstrual-related IBD symptoms better than alternatives.9Gawron L.M. et al.Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014; 20: 1729-1733Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar Although long-active reversible contraceptives (LARCs), including the intrauterine device (IUD) and the implant, are safe, well-tolerated, and recommended as first-line in IBD,2Mahadevan U. et al.Gastroenterology. 2019; 156: 1508-1524Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar many young women simply are not comfortable using them or cite cost concerns.10Todd N. et al.Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2020; 12: 28-40Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar Progestin-only pills often cause irregular bleeding and must be taken at the same time every day, and the progestin-based injectable may cause bone loss.1Limdi J.K. et al.Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019; 25: 1603-1612Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar,3Truta B. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2021; 37: 306-312Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar,10Todd N. et al.Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 2020; 12: 28-40Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar Because of these factors, the extent to which young women with IBD and their providers adhere to recommendations to avoid estrogen-based contraceptives remains unknown. Accordingly, we evaluated contraceptive use patterns among young female contraceptive users with IBD and compared them with contraceptive users from the general population. We conducted a case-control study using longitudinal pooled health data from the IQVIA PharMetrics Plus Adjudicated Claims Database between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018. Inclusion criteria were (1) female sex, (2) ≥1 prescription contraceptive claims between ages 15–25, and (3) ≥6 months of continuous insurance enrollment before the index date. We identified estrogen-based prescription contraceptive use (cases; includes the estrogen-based oral contraceptive pill, patch, and ring) and non–estrogen-based contraceptive use (controls; includes the progestin-only pill, injectable, implant, and IUD) according to the first prescription contraceptive identified during enrollment between the ages of 15 and 25. We defined the index date as the date this","journal":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","year":2023,"id":373151,"datarank":0.26876392038420827,"base_score":1.791759469228055,"endowment":1.791759469228055,"self_citation_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9509,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":280894,"name":"Xian Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-4079-9470","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235302,"name":"Millie D. Long","orcid":"0000-0001-5983-2758","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235305,"name":"Marla C. Dubinsky","orcid":"0000-0003-4968-5795","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109043,"name":"Michael D. Kappelman","orcid":"0000-0002-0469-6856","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109030,"name":"Erica J. Brenner","orcid":"0000-0003-0292-3637","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":10,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:02.217046Z","pmid":"37482173","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}