{"doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115907","title":"Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses as a function of multiple COVID-19 boosters","abstract":"We investigate the long-term impact of repeated COVID-19 vaccinations on adaptive immunity through a 3-year study of 78 individuals without reported symptomatic infections. We observe distinct dynamics in spike-specific responses across multiple vaccine doses. While antibody levels increase and stabilize with each booster, T cell responses quickly plateau and remain stable. Notably, approximately 30% of participants show evidence suggestive of asymptomatic infections. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a diverse and stable landscape of spike-specific T cell phenotypes without signs of exhaustion or functional impairment. Individuals with evidence of asymptomatic infection display increased frequencies of Th17-like CD4 + T cells and GZMKhi/IFNR + CD8 + T cell subsets. In this group, repeated vaccinations correlate with an increase in regulatory T cells, potentially indicating a balanced immune response that may mitigate immunopathology. By regularly stimulating T cell memory, boosters contribute to a stable and enhanced immune response, which may provide better protection against symptomatic infections.","journal":"Cell Reports","year":2025,"id":509713,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":28,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9574,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1365608,"name":"Vicente Fajardo-Rosas","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106293,"name":"Esther Dawen Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-3970-3753","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":823389,"name":"Rosa Isela Gálvez","orcid":"0000-0002-9320-2570","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1049113,"name":"Adam Abawi","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":840562,"name":"E. Alexandar Escarrega","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1008200,"name":"Amparo Martínez-Pérez","orcid":"0000-0003-3898-5709","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1364744,"name":"Emil Johansson","orcid":"0000-0002-4955-3576","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":615291,"name":"Benjamin Goodwin","orcid":"0000-0002-5485-2861","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103777,"name":"April Frazier","orcid":"0000-0002-4722-7304","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103769,"name":"Jennifer M. Dan","orcid":"0000-0002-1672-0657","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103780,"name":"Shane Crotty","orcid":"0000-0002-6484-6262","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":110383,"name":"Grégory Seumois","orcid":"0000-0002-8164-6852","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103766,"name":"Daniela Weiskopf","orcid":"0000-0003-2968-7371","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":110385,"name":"Pandurangan Vijayanand","orcid":"0000-0001-7067-9723","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55670,"name":"Alessandro Sette","orcid":"0000-0001-7013-2250","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106294,"name":"Ricardo da Silva Antunes","orcid":"0000-0001-9785-5272","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":81,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:47:30.942539Z","pmid":"40580476","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}