{"doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109696","title":"CD4 T cell help prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion and promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","abstract":"CD4 T cells are essential for immunity to tuberculosis because they produce cytokines, including interferon-γ. Whether CD4 T cells act as \"helper\" cells to promote optimal CD8 T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown. Using two independent models, we show that CD4 T cell help enhances CD8 effector functions and prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion. We demonstrate synergy between CD4 and CD8 T cells in promoting the survival of infected mice. Purified helped, but not helpless, CD8 T cells efficiently restrict intracellular bacterial growth in vitro. Thus, CD4 T cell help plays an essential role in generating protective CD8 T cell responses against M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo. We infer vaccines that elicit both CD4 and CD8 T cells are more likely to be successful than vaccines that elicit only CD4 or CD8 T cells.","journal":"Cell Reports","year":2021,"id":146945,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":186,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9517,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":625159,"name":"Palmira Barreira‐Silva","orcid":"0000-0002-8070-1856","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299860,"name":"Shayla Boyce","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":297253,"name":"Jennifer Powers","orcid":"0000-0001-8054-518X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":626651,"name":"Kelly Cavallo","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":297254,"name":"Samuel M. Behar","orcid":"0000-0002-3374-6699","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":625158,"name":"Yu‐Jung Lu","orcid":"0000-0002-3932-653X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":73,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:42:30.206628Z","pmid":"34525366","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}