{"doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.035","title":"Hybrid Gene Origination Creates Human-Virus Chimeric Proteins during Infection","abstract":"RNA viruses are a major human health threat. The life cycles of many highly pathogenic RNA viruses like influenza A virus (IAV) and Lassa virus depends on host mRNA, because viral polymerases cleave 5'-m7G-capped host transcripts to prime viral mRNA synthesis (\"cap-snatching\"). We hypothesized that start codons within cap-snatched host transcripts could generate chimeric human-viral mRNAs with coding potential. We report the existence of this mechanism of gene origination, which we named \"start-snatching.\" Depending on the reading frame, start-snatching allows the translation of host and viral \"untranslated regions\" (UTRs) to create N-terminally extended viral proteins or entirely novel polypeptides by genetic overprinting. We show that both types of chimeric proteins are made in IAV-infected cells, generate T cell responses, and contribute to virulence. Our results indicate that during infection with IAV, and likely a multitude of other human, animal and plant viruses, a host-dependent mechanism allows the genesis of hybrid genes.","journal":"Cell","year":2020,"id":91443,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":45,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.956,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":388226,"name":"Matthew Angel","orcid":"0000-0002-3882-1504","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106850,"name":"Yixuan Ma","orcid":"0000-0001-8156-4091","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":457687,"name":"Elizabeth Sloan","orcid":"0000-0002-4702-1699","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":457688,"name":"Guojun Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-1803-0457","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":457689,"name":"Carles Martínez‐Romero","orcid":"0000-0001-8888-7715","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":457690,"name":"Marta Alenquer","orcid":"0000-0003-3062-1222","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":86516,"name":"Vladimir Roudko","orcid":"0000-0002-3835-6737","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":458308,"name":"Liliane Chung","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":457691,"name":"Simin Zheng","orcid":"0000-0002-3442-1255","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":68652,"name":"Max W. 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