{"doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2026.108215","title":"Rationale, design, and protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial of adaptive treatment for smoking cessation: The ADAPT trial","abstract":null,"journal":"Contemporary Clinical Trials","year":2026,"id":645125,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1679629,"name":"William C. McCamy","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1679630,"name":"Danielle I. King","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1679631,"name":"Anna C. Ferreira","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":350607,"name":"Amy E. Wahlquist","orcid":"0000-0002-6134-0573","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1679632,"name":"John Kaczmar","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":499672,"name":"Karen L. Cropsey","orcid":"0000-0001-6921-3440","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":350606,"name":"Matthew J. Carpenter","orcid":"0000-0002-8909-1302","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":372161,"name":"Tracy T. Smith","orcid":"0000-0002-9895-515X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1679628,"name":"Gabrielle A. Brown","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Rationale, design, and protocol for a sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial of adaptive treatment for smoking cessation: The ADAPT trial","abstract":"<h4>Background</h4>Most attempts to quit smoking cigarettes end in failure, even when FDA-approved pharmacotherapies are used. Despite the frequency of treatment non-response, few trials have investigated the best path forward after treatment failure. This trial will assess two primary aims: 1) determine whether switching pharmacotherapies following initial failure promotes abstinence more effectively than repeated attempts with the same pharmacotherapy, and 2) determine whether switching to e-cigarettes following successive failures with pharmacotherapy promotes abstinence from combustible cigarettes better than continuing with pharmacotherapy.<h4>Methods</h4>Adults in South Carolina and Alabama who smoke daily and are willing to set a quit date will be assigned in a counterbalanced fashion to receive a 4-week supply of FDA approved smoking-cessation medication (either combination nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline) and asked to set a quit date. After four weeks of treatment, treatment non-responders will be assigned in a 2:1 fashion to either switch medications or continue with the same medication (Aim 1). After a second four weeks of treatment, non-responders will be assigned in a 2:1 fashion to either switch to e-cigarettes or continue with the same pharmacotherapy (Aim 2), with outcomes assessed through 6 months (Aim 3). The primary outcome is biochemically confirmed 7-day abstinence from smoking, assessed repeatedly across separate study aims. Secondary outcomes include smoking reduction, nicotine dependence, and duration of abstinence.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This trial is positioned to provide strong, data-driven guidance on treatment decision-making following treatment failure. The trial results will provide a significant opportunity to optimize cessation outcomes for people who smoke and continue to struggle with quitting.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"41500497","pmcid":"PMC13150832","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W7119049647","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics","grant_id":"R01CA284649","title":null},{"funder_name":"National Cancer Institute","grant_id":"","title":null}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":0.0,"citation_percentile":0.01866259,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"green","license":"cc-by-nc-nd","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13150832/","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13150832/","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1551714426000017?httpAccept=text/xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1551714426000017?httpAccept=text/plain","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2026.108215","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41500497","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13150832","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13150832?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"}],"fields_of_study":["Smoking Behavior and Cessation","Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","Humans","Smoking Cessation","Nicotine Replacement Therapy","Varenicline","South Carolina","Smoking Cessation Agents","Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems","Adaptive Clinical Trials as Topic","Alabama","Research Design","Bupropion","Adult","Tobacco Use Cessation Devices"],"mesh_terms":["Varenicline","Adaptive Clinical Trials as Topic","Smoking Cessation Agents","Nicotine Replacement Therapy","Adult","Alabama","Female","Humans","Male","Middle Aged","Research Design","South Carolina","Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","Smoking Cessation","Bupropion","Tobacco Use Cessation Devices","Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems"],"keywords":["Randomized controlled trial","Protocol (science)","Smoking cessation","Clinical trial","MEDLINE","Intention-to-treat analysis","N of 1 trial","Tobacco","Treatment","Healthcare Decision Making"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-09T03:00:09.641247Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}