{"doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.020","title":"Personalized 7T fMRI-Guided navigation TMS targeting: Preliminary data of speech-motor cortex in speech perception","abstract":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a valuable tool in human cognitive neuroscience studies investigating the organization and function of the motor cortex. Nevertheless, stimulation targeting remains imprecise in TMS studies regardless of design, and many studies rely on navigation systems to enhance precision. While measuring motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the relevant muscle provides evidence that the intended brain area is stimulated, the possibility of strong modulations in other nearby areas cannot be excluded. Hence, it is crucial to selectively and optimally target brain regions while minimizing secondary effects in other areas, in order to resolve this ambiguity in interpretations. Achieving this goal requires the development of more precise noninvasive neuromodulation targeting. A key area in human neuroscience where more precise knowledge of cortical effects induced by TMS pulses would be particularly beneficial is the role of motor cortices in the perception of auditory speech signals [1Liberman A.M. Cooper F.S. Shankweiler D.P. Studdert-Kennedy M. Perception of the speech code.Psychol Rev. 1967; 74: 431-461Crossref PubMed Scopus (2388) Google Scholar, 2di Pellegrino G. Fadiga L. Fogassi L. Gallese V. Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study.Exp Brain Res. 1992; 91: 176-180Crossref PubMed Scopus (2372) Google Scholar, 3Hickok G. Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007; 8: 393-402Crossref PubMed Scopus (3581) Google Scholar, 4Pulvermuller F. et al.Motor cortex maps articulatory features of speech sounds.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103: 7865-7870Crossref PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar]. Specifically, the field has long been influenced by a “motor theory of speech perception”, an idea that suggests that when we listen to speech sounds, we automatically activate our motor system and simulate the articulatory movements involved in producing the sounds we hear. While the validity of original motor theories of speech perception [1Liberman A.M. Cooper F.S. Shankweiler D.P. Studdert-Kennedy M. Perception of the speech code.Psychol Rev. 1967; 74: 431-461Crossref PubMed Scopus (2388) Google Scholar] was much debated, renewed interest was sparked by the discovery of a special class of “mirror neurons” in the macaque premotor cortex [2di Pellegrino G. Fadiga L. Fogassi L. Gallese V. Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study.Exp Brain Res. 1992; 91: 176-180Crossref PubMed Scopus (2372) Google Scholar]. The process of speech production, including the coordination of sequences of articulatory movements and phonetic encoding, integrated with the distributed sensorimotor nature of the extended motor system, indicates an essential role in speech perception [3Hickok G. Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007; 8: 393-402Crossref PubMed Scopus (3581) Google Scholar]. In humans, the strongest evidence for the role of human primary motor cortex (M1) in speech perception has been obtained from studies using neuromodulation technologies, such as (TMS) [5Rogers J.C. Möttönen R. Boyles R. Watkins K.E. Discrimination of speech and non-speech sounds following theta-burst stimulation of the motor cortex.Front Psychol. 2014; 5: 754Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar,6Möttönen R. Watkins K.E. Using TMS to study the role of the articulatory motor system in speech perception.Aphasiology. 2012; 26: 1103-1118Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar]. Notwithstanding, the limited knowledge of the exact targeting and spread of TMS-induced cortical currents complicates the interpretation of TMS studies on speech perception. While MEPs recorded from the articulator muscles can confirm the activation of M1, it remains unclear whether this activation spreads to other brain regions not primarily involved in motor control, such as the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. This raises the ques","journal":"Brain stimulation","year":2023,"id":385419,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9574,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":910978,"name":"Kaisu Lankinen","orcid":"0000-0003-2210-2385","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250071,"name":"Jyrki Ahveninen","orcid":"0000-0001-9058-8669","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364860,"name":"Qing Mei Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-4655-4917","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":481178,"name":"Jordan R. Green","orcid":"0000-0002-1464-1373","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":341449,"name":"Teresa J. Kimberley","orcid":"0000-0001-6397-4054","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":533271,"name":"Shasha Li","orcid":"0000-0002-2498-6893","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":312668,"name":"Mohammad Daneshzand","orcid":"0000-0002-4237-5535","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":10,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:17:48.629718Z","pmid":"37774914","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}