{"doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.304","title":"Modeling transcranial electrical current stimulation-induced electric fields in patients with skull plates","abstract":"increasingly explored as a tool to probe or normalize brain oscillations.However, its mechanisms in humans and effects on cognition are still incompletely understood.Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanistic effects of theta and beta TACS on working memory functions leveraging the unique opportunity to record direct brain activity in epilepsy patients.Invasive recordings provide benefits of a much higher signal-to-noise ratio, enabling confident separation of brain activity and artifacts during the stimulation.Neurosurgical patients were implanted with intracranial subdural grids and depth electrodes following clinical needs and guidelines.The study is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and IRB regulations (University of Minnesota).Participants performed a 2-back working memory task while receiving either sham stimulation, 1 mA (peak-tobaseline) beta TACS (23Hz), or theta TACS (4Hz) using bilateral temporal montage.Five participants performed 45 experimental sessions, totaling over 5000 trials.The generalized linear mixed-effect model reveals a significant effect on memory performance (F 2,5178 ¼8.9, p¼0.0001).Post-hoc t-tests show improvement (p<0.05)following beta TACS compared to sham or theta TACS, while theta TACS induced no changes.Beta TACS improves the performance in all studied patients with an effect size of Hedges' g¼0.78.Bayesian hierarchical diffusion drift modeling attributes this to a specific improvement in the quality of the memory process (drift rate v; BF¼3.8).Moreover, we observe a frequency-specific increase in beta oscillations following beta TACS.This correlates with improved working memory performance (p<0.05),providing a mechanistic link from stimulation to behavior.The present findings demonstrate a specific role of beta oscillations in working memory and the feasibility of supporting cognitive functions via beta stimulation.","journal":"Brain stimulation","year":2021,"id":212403,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9407,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":334278,"name":"Ricardo Salvador","orcid":"0000-0003-1235-6533","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":560944,"name":"Maria Chiara Biagi","orcid":"0000-0002-3660-8283","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":802699,"name":"Fabrice Bartoloméi","orcid":"0000-0002-1678-0297","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":783453,"name":"Fabrice Wendling","orcid":"0000-0003-2428-9665","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255921,"name":"Giulio Ruffini","orcid":"0000-0003-3084-0177","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":403883,"name":"Borja Mercadal","orcid":"0000-0002-0941-6796","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:52:27.434608Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}