{"doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.028","title":"Design and validation of a closed-loop, motor-activated auricular vagus nerve stimulation (MAAVNS) system for neurorehabilitation","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Studies have found that pairing vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) with motor activity accelerates cortical reorganization. This synchronous pairing may enhance motor recovery. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a motor-activated auricular vagus nerve stimulation (MAAVNS) system as a potential neurorehabilitation tool. METHODS: We created MAAVNS and validated its function as part of an ongoing clinical trial investigating whether taVNS-paired rehabilitation enhances oromotor learning. We compared 3 different MAAVNS EMG electrode configurations in 3 neonates. The active lead was placed over the buccinator muscle. Reference lead placements were orbital, temporal or frontal. RESULTS: The frontal reference lead produced the highest sensitivity (0.87 ± 0.07 (n = 8)) and specificity (0.64 ± 0.13 (n = 8)). Oral sucking reliably triggers MAAVNS stimulation with high confidence. CONCLUSION: EMG electrodes placed on target orofacial muscles can effectively trigger taVNS stimuli in infants in a closed loop fashion.","journal":"Brain stimulation","year":2020,"id":96347,"datarank":0.5333022092234121,"base_score":3.5553480614894135,"endowment":3.5553480614894135,"self_citation_contribution":0.5333022092234121,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5333022092234121,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":34,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9606,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":330291,"name":"Sean Thompson","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":370180,"name":"Sasha Stomberg-Firestein","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106035,"name":"Marom Bikson","orcid":"0000-0002-0493-8333","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106043,"name":"Mark S. George","orcid":"0000-0003-1767-1815","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":329079,"name":"Dorothea Jenkins","orcid":"0000-0002-4196-483X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266103,"name":"Bashar W. Badran","orcid":"0000-0001-9376-6440","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":329080,"name":"Daniel Cook","orcid":"0000-0001-6280-5881","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":14,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T22:34:34.781847Z","pmid":"32289710","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}