{"doi":"10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.04.006","title":"Direct and Indirect Genetic Effects on Aggression","abstract":"Background: Family members resemble each other in their propensity for aggression. In twin studies, approximately 50% of the variance in aggression can be explained by genetic influences. However, if there are genotype-environment correlation mechanisms, such as environmental manifestations of parental and sibling genotypes, genetic influences may partly reflect environmental influences. In this study, we investigated the importance of indirect polygenic score (PGS) effects on aggression. Methods: We modeled the effect of PGSs based on 3 genome-wide association studies: early-life aggression, educational attainment, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The associations with aggression were tested in a within- and between-family design (37,796 measures from 7740 individuals, ages 3-86 years [mean = 14.20 years, SE = 12.03], from 3107 families, 55% female) and in a transmitted/nontransmitted PGS design (42,649 measures from 6653 individuals, ages 3-61 years [mean = 11.81 years, SE = 8.68], from 3024 families, 55% female). All participants are enrolled in the Netherlands Twin Register. Results: = 0.5%). Conclusions: PGSs included in the current study had a direct (but no indirect) effect on aggression, consistent with results of previous twin and family studies. Further research involving other PGSs for aggression and related phenotypes is needed to determine whether this conclusion generalizes to overall genetic influences on aggression.","journal":"Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science","year":2023,"id":347726,"datarank":0.37273599746820013,"base_score":2.4849066497880004,"endowment":2.4849066497880004,"self_citation_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":11,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.949,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1089594,"name":"Steve van de Weijer","orcid":"0000-0001-5914-5966","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":116248,"name":"Rene Pool","orcid":"0000-0001-5579-0933","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5379,"name":"Jouke‐Jan Hottenga","orcid":"0000-0002-5668-2368","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1090058,"name":"Toos C.E.M. van Beijsterveldt","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5313,"name":"Gonneke Willemsen","orcid":"0000-0003-3755-0236","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264625,"name":"Meike Bartels","orcid":"0000-0002-9667-7555","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5264,"name":"Michel G. Nivard","orcid":"0000-0003-2015-1888","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5322,"name":"Dorret I. Boomsma","orcid":"0000-0002-7099-7972","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1089593,"name":"Camiel M. van der Laan","orcid":"0000-0002-1171-758X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":51,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:12:01.859977Z","pmid":"37881547","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}