{"doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.018","title":"Maternal vitamin D status, fetal growth patterns, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a multisite prospective pregnancy cohort","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined maternal vitamin D status and fetal growth patterns across gestation. Furthermore, time points in pregnancy at which maternal vitamin D status is most critical for optimal fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes are uncertain. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to examine whether first and second trimester maternal vitamin D status are associated with fetal growth patterns and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis using data and samples from a multisite prospective cohort study of nulliparous pregnant females in the United States. We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) for 351 participants at 6-13 and 16-21 weeks of gestation. Fetal growth was measured by ultrasound at 16-21 and 22-29 weeks of gestation, and neonatal anthropometric measures at birth. We constructed fetal growth curves using length, weight, and head circumference z-scores, and calculated risk of preterm birth (<37 wk) and small for gestational age (SGA). We examined outcomes across 25(OH)D concentrations assessed continuously, using Institute of Medicine (IOM) cutoffs (<50 compared with ≥50 nmol/L), and using exploratory cutoffs (<40, 40-59.9, 60-79.9, ≥80 nmol/L). RESULTS: Vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D <50 nmol/L) was prevalent in 20% of participants in the first trimester. Each 10 nmol/L increase in first trimester 25(OH)D was associated with a 0.05 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.10] increase in length-for-age z-score but was not associated with weight or head circumference. There were no differences in risk of preterm birth or SGA using IOM cutoffs; participants with first trimester 25(OH)D <40 compared with ≥80 nmol/L had 4.35 (95% CI: 1.14, 16.55) times risk of preterm birth. Second trimester 25(OH)D was not associated with fetal growth patterns or with pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: First trimester 25(OH)D is positively associated with linear growth. Low first trimester 25(OH)D (<40 nmol/L) is associated with a higher risk of preterm birth. Second trimester 25(OH)D is not associated with fetal growth or pregnancy outcomes assessed.","journal":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","year":2024,"id":435890,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":12,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9515,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":780221,"name":"Nathan R. Blue","orcid":"0000-0003-2187-3428","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257473,"name":"Robert M. Silver","orcid":"0000-0002-5794-3152","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":454708,"name":"Muzi Na","orcid":"0000-0002-8844-0646","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":40933,"name":"William A. Grobman","orcid":"0000-0002-3979-0738","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":908341,"name":"Jon G. Steller","orcid":"0000-0002-2164-1080","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1243497,"name":"Samuel Parry","orcid":"0000-0002-5946-9247","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":448935,"name":"Christina Scifres","orcid":"0000-0003-2992-7187","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":537559,"name":"Alison D. Gernand","orcid":"0000-0002-5661-7785","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":924850,"name":"C. A. de C. Beck","orcid":"0000-0001-7011-540X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":50,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:00:08.103086Z","pmid":"39577494","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}