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Since bone-associated proteins such as osteonectin, osteocalcin, and matrix Gla protein have been detected in calcified vascular tissues, calcification has been considered to be an organized, regulated process similar to mineralization in bone tissue. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are currently considered to be responsible for the formation of vascular calcifications. Apoptosis of VSMCs appears to be a key factor in this process, while other factors including cell-cell interactions (macrophages and VSMCs), lipids, and plasma inorganic phosphate levels modulate the calcification process. The focus of this review is on the role of VSMCs in the development of calcifications in atherosclerotic plaques.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.14166355650266,"endowment":5.14166355650266,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"15131535","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2118457257","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":5.21,"citation_percentile":0.96215039,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":10},{"year":2013,"count":13},{"year":2014,"count":7},{"year":2015,"count":9},{"year":2016,"count":5},{"year":2017,"count":6},{"year":2018,"count":10},{"year":2019,"count":6},{"year":2020,"count":9},{"year":2021,"count":4},{"year":2022,"count":7},{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":6},{"year":2025,"count":3},{"year":2026,"count":3}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0002870303008603?httpAccept=text/xml","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0002870303008603?httpAccept=text/plain","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.10.047","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15131535","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments","Dermatological and Skeletal Disorders","Bone health and osteoporosis research","Apoptosis","Arteriosclerosis","Bone Development","Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2","Bone Morphogenetic Proteins","Calcinosis","Calcium Phosphates","Cell Differentiation","Cytoplasmic Vesicles","Lipid Metabolism","Macrophages","Muscle, Smooth, Vascular","Myocytes, Smooth Muscle","Osteopontin","Sialoglycoproteins","Transforming Growth Factor beta"],"mesh_terms":["Arteriosclerosis","Bone Development","Calcinosis","Calcium Phosphates","Cell Differentiation","Macrophages","Muscle, Smooth, Vascular","Sialoglycoproteins","Transforming Growth Factor beta","Apoptosis","Bone Morphogenetic Proteins","Cytoplasmic Vesicles","Myocytes, Smooth Muscle","Lipid Metabolism","Osteopontin","Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2"],"keywords":["Vascular smooth muscle","Calcification","Osteonectin","Medicine","Osteocalcin","Matrix gla protein","Mural cell","Extracellular matrix","Pathology","Cell biology","Anatomy","Internal medicine","Smooth muscle","Biology","Biochemistry","Alkaline phosphatase","Ectopic calcification"],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-10T17:06:44.731780Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}