{"doi":"10.1007/s40615-024-02124-8","title":"Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Differences in Patient Reported Well-Being and Cognitive Functioning Within 3 Months of Symptomatic Illness During COVID-19 Pandemic","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Differences in acute COVID-19 associated morbidity based on race, ethnicity, and gender have been well described; however, less is known about differences in subsequent longer term health-related quality of life and well-being. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included symptomatic adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 who completed baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys. Using the PROMIS-29 tool, a validated measure of health and well-being, we compared outcomes at 3 months and change in outcomes from baseline to 3 months among groups with different races, ethnicities, and/or sexes. RESULTS: Among 6044 participants, 4113 (3202 COVID +) were included. Among COVID + participants, compared to non-Hispanic White participants, Black participants had better PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (3.6 [1.1, 6.2]) and fatigue (- 4.3 [- 6.6, - 2.0]) at 3 months and experienced more improvement in fatigue over 3 months (- 2.7 [- 4.7, - 0.8]). At 3 months, compared with males, females had worse PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (- 4.1 [- 5.6, - 2.6]), physical function (- 2.1 [- 3.1, - 1.0]), social participation (- 2.8 [- 4.2, - 1.5]), anxiety (2.8 [1.5, 4.1]), fatigue (5.1 [3.7, 6.4]), and pain interference (2.0 [0.9, 3.2]). Females experienced less improvement in fatigue over 3 months (3.1 [2.0, 4.3]). Transgender/non-binary/other gender participants had worse 3-month scores in all domains except for sleep disturbance and pain interference. CONCLUSIONS: Three months after the initial COVID-19 infection, Black participants reported better cognitive function and fatigue, while females and other gender minoritized groups experienced lower well-being. Future studies are necessary to better understand how and why social constructs, specifically race, ethnicity, and gender, influence differences in COVID-19-related health outcomes. Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04610515.","journal":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities","year":2024,"id":473889,"datarank":0.12579337721273082,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.021821300128739018,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.021821300128739018,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":1,"citers_with_citation_signal":1,"citers_with_endowment":1,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9219,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"ClinicalTrials.gov":["NCT04610515"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":741090,"name":"Ryan Huebinger","orcid":"0000-0002-9448-5744","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1032119,"name":"Imtiaz Ebna Mannan","orcid":"0009-0002-8574-5361","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1032115,"name":"Huihui Yu","orcid":"0000-0003-4019-3831","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":672804,"name":"Lauren E. Wisk","orcid":"0000-0003-2932-4140","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":433537,"name":"Kelli N. O’Laughlin","orcid":"0000-0003-3027-1883","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1196688,"name":"Nicole L. Gentile","orcid":"0000-0002-9548-7012","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":424718,"name":"Kari A. Stephens","orcid":"0000-0002-2520-5526","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":598398,"name":"Michael Gottlieb","orcid":"0000-0003-3276-8375","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":329865,"name":"Robert A. Weinstein","orcid":"0000-0002-3390-858X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1032732,"name":"Katherine Koo","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1032116,"name":"Michelle Santangelo","orcid":"0000-0003-4353-0995","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":265850,"name":"Sharon Saydah","orcid":"0000-0002-6350-5300","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":391160,"name":"Erica S. Spatz","orcid":"0000-0002-1557-7713","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":550685,"name":"Zhenqiu Lin","orcid":"0000-0002-3089-141X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1032724,"name":"Kevin Schaeffer","orcid":null,"position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":412570,"name":"Efrat Kean","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":411344,"name":"Juan Carlos C. Montoy","orcid":"0000-0001-7438-0243","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":331585,"name":"Robert M. Rodriguez","orcid":"0000-0003-1354-1773","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":286268,"name":"Ahamed H. Idris","orcid":"0000-0001-7113-6499","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":932709,"name":"Samuel McDonald","orcid":"0000-0002-8383-3854","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376323,"name":"Joann G. Elmore","orcid":"0000-0002-7311-6835","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":413443,"name":"Arjun K. Venkatesh","orcid":"0000-0002-8248-0567","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":923898,"name":"Mandy J. Hill","orcid":"0000-0001-9778-358X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:06:04.967429Z","pmid":"39172356","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}