{"doi":"10.1007/s11136-025-04064-0","title":"Longitudinal changes in physical and psychological outcomes in spousal vs. non-spousal caregivers for patients with end-stage liver disease","abstract":"Although caregivers for patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) experience adverse physical and psychological outcomes, little is known about how these experiences change over time. The aim of this study was to identify trajectories in physical and psychological outcomes in caregivers for adults with ESLD over the course of 12 months. Informal caregivers (age ≥ 18 years) were recruited from liver clinics within two medical centers. Survey data were collected at baseline and every 3 months for 12 months. Caregivers completed the Multidimensional Caregiver Strain Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Patient Health Questionnaire, Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale for Family Members, Short Form Health Survey, and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale. The sample (N = 186, age 56.7 ± 13.2 years) were predominantly female (75.3%) and White (89.2%). Caregiver sleep quality and depressive symptoms did not change, whereas care-related strain (p = 0.001) and uncertainty (p = 0.001) improved significantly over time. Spousal caregivers had significantly worse mental quality of life (QOL) at baseline (p = 0.006) compared to non-spousal caregivers. Spousal caregiver mental QOL improved over time, whereas there was no change in mental QOL of non-spousal caregivers (p = 0.025). Relationship quality and female gender were associated with worsening physical QOL over time (p = 0.011 and p = 0.012, respectively). To maintain or improve caregivers’ abilities to provide care, healthcare professionals should provide resources to caregivers. Future research should include longitudinal, dyadic studies and focus on interventions for improving caregiver physical and mental QOL. Advanced liver disease is unique compared to other end-stage medical conditions given the presence of confusion, liver failure, and complications specific to liver failure. The burden of the complex care of patients with advanced liver disease is left to caregivers. Very little is known about how burden and well-being change over time in caregivers for patients with advanced liver disease. Unlike most studies that have focused on spousal caregivers, we were able to describe previously unknown differences between spousal and non-spousal caregivers over the course of 12 months. Compared to non-spousal caregivers, spousal caregivers had worse mental well-being at the study beginning, but their mental well-being improved over time. We found caregivers’ quality of the relationship they had with patients and if they were women to be associated with worsening physical well-being over time. To maintain or improve caregivers’ abilities to provide care to patients with advanced liver disease by preventing decline in their well-being, healthcare professionals should pay attention to needs of caregivers in their clinical practice. More research is needed to address differences in well-being between spousal and non-spousal caregivers and why some outcomes improve or stay the same or get worse over time.","journal":"Quality of Life Research","year":2025,"id":576914,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9487,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":736177,"name":"Michael F. Chang","orcid":"0000-0002-3678-9934","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":736178,"name":"Shirin O. Hiatt","orcid":"0000-0002-4368-1614","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":967146,"name":"Susan J. Rosenkranz","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":607812,"name":"Nathan F. Dieckmann","orcid":"0000-0001-5061-9889","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":488706,"name":"Christopher S. Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-2510-4071","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":712661,"name":"Lissi Hansen","orcid":"0000-0003-3207-4736","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:58:00.620755Z","pmid":"41046482","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}