{"doi":"10.1007/s10654-022-00853-w","title":"Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 in community-dwelling elderly populations","abstract":"This mixed design synthesis aimed to estimate the infection fatality rate (IFR) of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in community-dwelling elderly populations and other age groups from seroprevalence studies. Protocol: https://osf.io/47cgb . Eligible were seroprevalence studies done in 2020 and identified by any of four existing systematic reviews; with ≥ 500 participants aged ≥ 70 years; presenting seroprevalence in elderly people; aimed to generate samples reflecting the general population; and whose location had available data on cumulative COVID-19 deaths in elderly (primary cutoff ≥ 70 years; ≥ 65 or ≥ 60 also eligible). We extracted the most fully adjusted (if unavailable, unadjusted) seroprevalence estimates; age- and residence-stratified cumulative COVID-19 deaths (until 1 week after the seroprevalence sampling midpoint) from official reports; and population statistics, to calculate IFRs adjusted for test performance. Sample size-weighted IFRs were estimated for countries with multiple estimates. Thirteen seroprevalence surveys representing 11 high-income countries were included in the main analysis. Median IFR in community-dwelling elderly and elderly overall was 2.9% (range 1.8-9.7%) and 4.5% (range 2.5-16.7%) without accounting for seroreversion (2.2% and 4.0%, respectively, accounting for 5% monthly seroreversion). Multiple sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. IFR was higher with larger proportions of people > 85 years. The IFR of COVID-19 in community-dwelling elderly is lower than previously reported.","journal":"European Journal of Epidemiology","year":2022,"id":10910,"datarank":1.6300392967031267,"base_score":4.04305126783455,"endowment":4.04305126783455,"self_citation_contribution":0.6064576901751826,"citation_network_contribution":1.0235816065279442,"self_endowment_contribution":0.6064576901751826,"citer_contribution":1.0235816065279442,"corpus_percentile":62.81529698942229,"corpus_rank":458,"citation_count":56,"citer_count":35,"citers_with_citation_signal":28,"citers_with_endowment":28,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6954,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-03-01","fair_score":49.7917,"fair_percentile":77.9023746701847,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":148,"name":"John P. A. Ioannidis","orcid":"0000-0003-3118-6859","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3829,"name":"Cathrine Axfors","orcid":"0000-0002-2706-1730","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":83,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":"35306604","pmcid":"PMC8934243","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by","views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":65.0,"fair_a":67.5,"fair_i":25.0,"fair_r":41.6667,"fair_zscore":0.4143,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":49.79,"has_llm":true,"dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":65.0,"criteria":[{"key":"f_has_doi","label":"Has a persistent DOI","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"DOI present","rationale":null},{"key":"f_repository_presence","label":"Indexed in repositories / literature DBs","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"datacite=0, pmcid=True, pmid=True","rationale":null},{"key":"f_persistent_ids","label":"Resolvable scholarly identifiers (OpenAlex)","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"no OpenAlex id","rationale":null},{"key":"f_metadata_richness","label":"Rich, machine-readable metadata","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"signal":null,"rationale":"The paper provides a DOI and structured metadata in the PMC header, but machine-readable metadata beyond basic identifiers and license is not explicitly described."}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":67.5,"criteria":[{"key":"a_open_access","label":"Open Access / files deposited","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.5,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"Open Access","rationale":null},{"key":"a_retrievable","label":"Free full text retrievable","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"0 OA location(s)","rationale":null},{"key":"a_access_protocol","label":"Clear data/code access protocol","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.75,"signal":null,"rationale":"The protocol is registered at OSF (https://osf.io/47cgb) and data/code are promised to be made available there, but the paper does not state that the data/code are currently accessible at that link."}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":25.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_linked_data","label":"Linked datasets / DataCite relations","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"linked_datasets=0, datacite=0","rationale":null},{"key":"i_standard_ids","label":"References data via standard accessions","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"accessions=0, trials=0","rationale":null},{"key":"i_standards","label":"Standard formats, vocabularies & identifiers","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"signal":null,"rationale":"The paper uses standard statistical software (R) and reports some standard identifiers (DOI, ORCID), but does not specify use of standard data formats or controlled vocabularies for the extracted data."}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":41.67,"criteria":[{"key":"r_license","label":"Clear, open reuse license","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"no license","rationale":null},{"key":"r_downloads","label":"Demonstrated reuse (downloads)","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"downloads=0","rationale":null},{"key":"r_version","label":"Versioned / maintained","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"no version chain","rationale":null},{"key":"r_dataset","label":"Classified as a data resource","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"is_dataset","rationale":null},{"key":"r_reusability","label":"Data-availability statement, license & reproducibility","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.667,"signal":null,"rationale":"The paper includes a data availability statement promising data/code at OSF, a CC BY 4.0 license, and detailed methods, but the data/code are not yet available at the stated link, and no explicit license for the data is mentioned."}]}},"suggestions":["Make the data and code immediately available at the OSF link with a persistent identifier and a clear license for the data.","Provide machine-readable metadata (e.g., schema.org or DataCite) in the article or repository to enhance findability.","Use standard data formats (e.g., CSV with codebook) and controlled vocabularies for variables like age groups and antibody types.","Include a formal data citation with a DOI for the dataset to improve reusability and attribution.","Specify the exact license for the data (e.g., CC0 or CC BY) separate from the article license."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v2","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v2","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-06-18T00:42:30.556959Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}