{"doi":"10.1007/s00436-019-06478-5","title":"The current situation of canine dirofilariosis in Hungary","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Between April and September 2017, blood samples were collected from 344 randomly selected dogs older than 1 year in 180 settlements of 19 counties in Hungary. The dogs lived exclusively outdoors, had never travelled and had neither been examined for <jats:italic>Dirofilaria</jats:italic> infection nor treated against mosquitoes with insecticides or/and filarioid worms with macrocyclic lactones. <jats:italic>Dirofilaria</jats:italic> infection was examined with a modified Knott’s test for microfilariae, DiroCHEK®, for the presence of <jats:italic>D. immitis</jats:italic> antigen, as well as by multiplex and conventional PCR. Altogether, 77 (22.4%) dogs living in 58 settlements of 17 counties were found to be infected with one or both <jats:italic>Dirofilaria</jats:italic> species based on the PCR techniques. Twenty-eight (8.1%) and 38 (11.1%) dogs were infected with <jats:italic>D. immitis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. repens</jats:italic>, respectively. Coinfections were recorded in 11 samples (3.2%) collected in 11 locations of 8 counties. The results confirmed that both dirofilarioses are endemic in dogs and the eastern areas of the country are hyperendemic for heartworm disease. Temperature showed a significant association with the prevalence of <jats:italic>D. immitis</jats:italic> (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.24–4.86, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.012) but not with that of <jats:italic>D. repens</jats:italic> (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.78–2.47, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.286). The prevalence of neither <jats:italic>D. immitis</jats:italic> (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–1.00, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.213) nor <jats:italic>D. repens</jats:italic> (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99–1.01, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.094) showed a significant correlation with precipitation. The number of yearly growing degree days (GDD) based on the lifecycle of <jats:italic>Dirofilaria</jats:italic> in mosquitoes ranged between 3.73 and 7.57 for the Hungarian districts. The GDD showed a significant positive association with the prevalence of <jats:italic>D. immitis</jats:italic> (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.43–4.15, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.001) and a non-significant positive relationship with that of <jats:italic>D. repens</jats:italic> (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.83–1.95, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.291).</jats:p>","journal":"Parasitology 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