{"doi":"10.1007/s00262-023-03538-9","title":"GK-1 effectively reduces angiogenesis and prevents T cell exhaustion in a breast cancer murine experimental model","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Breast cancer is the leading malignancy in women worldwide, both in terms of incidence and mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the type with the worst clinical outcomes and with fewer therapeutic options than other types of breast cancer. GK-1 is a peptide that in the experimental model of the metastatic 4T1 breast cancer has demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-metastatic properties. Herein, GK-1 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) weekly administrated not only decreases tumor growth and the number of lung macro-metastases but also lung and lymph nodes micro-metastases. Histological analysis reveals that GK-1 reduced 57% of the intra-tumor vascular areas, diminished the leukemoid reaction's progression, and the spleens' weight and length. A significant reduction in VEGF-C, SDF-1, angiopoietin-2, and endothelin-1 angiogenic factors was induced. Moreover, GK-1 prevents T cell exhaustion in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) decreasing PD-1 expression. It also increased IFN-γ and granzyme-B expression and the cytotoxic activity of CD8<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> TILs cells against tumor cells. All these features were found to be associated with a better antitumor response and prognosis. Altogether, these results reinforce the potential of GK-1 to improve the clinical outcome of triple-negative breast cancer immunotherapy. Translation research is ongoing towards its evaluation in humans.</jats:p>","journal":"Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy","year":2023,"id":673796,"datarank":0.31191623125197543,"base_score":2.0794415416798357,"endowment":2.0794415416798357,"self_citation_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.31191623125197543,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1760454,"name":"Jacquelynne Cervantes-Torres","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760455,"name":"Diana Torres-García","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760456,"name":"Francisco J. Zuñiga-Flores","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760457,"name":"Osiris J. Patiño-Chávez","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1466837,"name":"Jorge A. Peña Agudelo","orcid":"0000-0003-3470-7824","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760458,"name":"José Eduardo Aguayo-Flores","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364965,"name":"Yonathan Garfias","orcid":"0000-0003-3753-1035","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760459,"name":"Laura Montero-León","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760460,"name":"Laura Romero-Romero","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760462,"name":"Armando Pérez-Torres","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":970136,"name":"Gladis Fragoso","orcid":"0000-0003-3885-1858","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":970137,"name":"Edda Sciutto","orcid":"0000-0001-5608-5355","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1760453,"name":"Juan A. Hernández-Aceves","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-16T14:31:21.007330Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}