{"doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-00889-5_1","title":"UNet++: A Nested U-Net Architecture for Medical Image Segmentation","abstract":"In this paper, we present UNet++, a new, more powerful architecture for medical image segmentation. Our architecture is essentially a deeply-supervised encoder-decoder network where the encoder and decoder sub-networks are connected through a series of nested, dense skip pathways. The re-designed skip pathways aim at reducing the semantic gap between the feature maps of the encoder and decoder sub-networks. We argue that the optimizer would deal with an easier learning task when the feature maps from the decoder and encoder networks are semantically similar. We have evaluated UNet++ in comparison with U-Net and wide U-Net architectures across multiple medical image segmentation tasks: nodule segmentation in the low-dose CT scans of chest, nuclei segmentation in the microscopy images, liver segmentation in abdominal CT scans, and polyp segmentation in colonoscopy videos. Our experiments demonstrate that UNet++ with deep supervision achieves an average IoU gain of 3.9 and 3.4 points over U-Net and wide U-Net, respectively.","journal":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","year":2018,"id":6574,"datarank":1.3608168379039112,"base_score":9.07211225269274,"endowment":9.07211225269274,"self_citation_contribution":1.3608168379039112,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":1.3608168379039112,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":8708,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.0502,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2018-01-01","fair_score":61.25,"fair_percentile":92.70008795074759,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":60652,"name":"Md Mahfuzur Rahman Siddiquee","orcid":"0000-0001-7145-215X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":60653,"name":"Nima Tajbakhsh","orcid":"0000-0001-8614-4811","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":60654,"name":"Jianming Liang","orcid":"0000-0001-5486-1613","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":60651,"name":"Zongwei Zhou","orcid":"0000-0002-3154-9851","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":11,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":100.0,"fair_a":70.0,"fair_i":50.0,"fair_r":25.0,"fair_zscore":1.4508,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":61.25,"has_llm":false,"dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":100.0,"criteria":[{"key":"f_has_doi","label":"Has a persistent DOI","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"DOI present","rationale":null},{"key":"f_repository_presence","label":"Indexed in repositories / literature DBs","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"datacite=6, pmcid=True, pmid=True","rationale":null},{"key":"f_persistent_ids","label":"Resolvable scholarly identifiers (OpenAlex)","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"OpenAlex id present","rationale":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":70.0,"criteria":[{"key":"a_open_access","label":"Open Access / files deposited","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.5,"fraction":0.5,"signal":"files/OA location present but not flagged OA","rationale":null},{"key":"a_retrievable","label":"Free full text retrievable","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"10 OA location(s)","rationale":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":50.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_linked_data","label":"Linked datasets / DataCite relations","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"signal":"linked_datasets=6, datacite=6","rationale":null},{"key":"i_standard_ids","label":"References data via standard accessions","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"accessions=0, trials=0","rationale":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":25.0,"criteria":[{"key":"r_license","label":"Clear, open reuse license","kind":"deterministic","weight":1.5,"fraction":0.5,"signal":"license present (Springer Nature TDM)","rationale":null},{"key":"r_downloads","label":"Demonstrated reuse (downloads)","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"downloads=0","rationale":null},{"key":"r_version","label":"Versioned / maintained","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"no version chain","rationale":null},{"key":"r_dataset","label":"Classified as a data resource","kind":"deterministic","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"signal":"not a dataset","rationale":null}]}},"suggestions":["Reference data using standard accessions (e.g. GEO, PDB, ClinicalTrials.gov).","Maintain explicit versioning for the dataset.","Make the paper/data Open Access or deposit the files in an open repository.","Attach a clear, open reuse license (e.g. CC-BY or CC0)."],"model":null,"agent_version":"fair_agent_v1","fulltext_source":"oa_pdf"},"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v1","fair_fulltext_source":"oa_pdf","fair_has_llm":false,"fair_computed_at":"2026-06-10T16:58:52.010761Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}