{"doi":"10.1006/meth.2001.1262","title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method","abstract":"The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data.","journal":"Methods","year":2001,"id":8503,"datarank":26.72139329090508,"base_score":12.092943140385485,"endowment":12.092943140385485,"self_citation_contribution":1.813941471057823,"citation_network_contribution":24.907451819847257,"self_endowment_contribution":1.813941471057823,"citer_contribution":24.907451819847257,"corpus_percentile":99.7,"corpus_rank":5,"citation_count":178606,"citer_count":199,"citers_with_citation_signal":199,"citers_with_endowment":199,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2001-12-01","authors":[{"id":18583,"name":"Thomas D. Schmittgen","orcid":"0000-0002-2812-8546","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":12216,"name":"Kenneth J. Livak","orcid":"0000-0001-9105-5856","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":11,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}