{"doi":"10.1002/smll.202203309","title":"Enhanced Enzymatically Amplified Metallization on Nanostructured Surfaces for Multiplexed Point‐of‐Care Electrical Detection of COVID‐19 Biomarkers","abstract":"Inexpensive yet sensitive and specific biomarker detection is a critical bottleneck in diagnostics, monitoring, and surveillance of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Multiplexed detection of several biomarkers can achieve wider diagnostic applicability, accuracy, and ease-of-use, while reducing cost. Current biomarker detection methods often use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with optical detection which offers high sensitivity and specificity. However, this is complex, expensive, and limited to detecting only a single analyte at a time. Here, it is found that biomarker-bound enzyme-labeled probes act synergistically with nanostructured catalytic surfaces and can be used to selectively reduce a soluble silver substrate to generate highly dense and conductive, localized surface silver metallization on microelectrode arrays. This enables a sensitive and quantitative, simple, direct electronic readout of biomarker binding without the use of any intermediate optics. Furthermore, the localized and dry-phase stable nature of the metallization enables multiplexed electronic measurement of several biomarkers from a single drop (<10 µL) of sample on a microchip.This method is applied for the multiplexed point-of-care (POC) quantitative detection of multiple COVID-19 antigen-specific antibodies. Combining a simple microchip and an inexpensive, cellphone-interfaced, portable reader, the detection and discrimination of biomarkers of prior infection versus vaccination is demonstrated.","journal":"Small","year":2022,"id":260126,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9489,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":913261,"name":"Hanhao Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-7792-6528","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":913875,"name":"Josiah Rudge","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":913876,"name":"Yoo Na Kim","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":901509,"name":"Sai Preetham Peddireddy","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":913262,"name":"Nabojeet Das","orcid":"0009-0003-3415-6249","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":901094,"name":"Aniruddh Sarkar","orcid":"0000-0002-9327-1525","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":913874,"name":"Neda Rafat","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":51,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:26:03.189798Z","pmid":"36036173","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}