{"doi":"10.1002/smll.201907640","title":"Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size‐Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium","abstract":"In the last decade, along with the increasing use of graphene oxide (GO) in various applications, there is also considerable interest in understanding its effects on human health. Only a few experimental approaches can simulate common routes of exposure, such as ingestion, due to the inherent complexity of the digestive tract. This study presents the synthesis of size-sorted GO of sub-micrometer- or micrometer-sized lateral dimensions, its physicochemical transformations across mouth, gastric, and small intestinal simulated digestions, and its toxicological assessment against a physiologically relevant, in vitro cellular model of the human intestinal epithelium. Results from real-time characterization of the simulated digestas of the gastrointestinal tract using multi-angle laser diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy show that GO agglomerates in the gastric and small intestinal phase. Extensive morphological changes, such as folding, are also observed on GO following simulated digestion. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that GO presents covalently bound N-containing groups on its surface. It is shown that the GO employed in this study undergoes reduction. Toxicological assessment of the GO small intestinal digesta over 24 h does not point to acute cytotoxicity, and examination of the intestinal epithelium under electron microscopy does not reveal histological alterations. Both sub-micrometer- and micrometer-sized GO variants elicit a 20% statistically significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the untreated control after a 6 h exposure.","journal":"Small","year":2020,"id":99795,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":29,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9541,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":415970,"name":"Dorsa Parviz","orcid":"0000-0002-3025-5261","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":330770,"name":"Xiaoqiong Cao","orcid":"0000-0001-9770-1660","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":490663,"name":"Carlo A. Amadei","orcid":"0000-0003-4107-6661","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":491423,"name":"Chad D. Vecitis","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":490664,"name":"Elsie M. Sunderland","orcid":"0000-0003-0386-9548","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":327682,"name":"Brian D. Thrall","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":490665,"name":"Mingliang Fang","orcid":"0000-0002-2204-9783","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":415971,"name":"Michael S. Strano","orcid":"0000-0003-2944-808X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":330772,"name":"Philip Demokritou","orcid":"0000-0002-2484-9143","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":392519,"name":"Dimitrios Bitounis","orcid":"0000-0002-9739-3300","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":63,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T22:38:09.754371Z","pmid":"32196921","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}