{"doi":"10.1002/sim.2174","title":"Adjusted Kaplan–Meier estimator and log‐rank test with inverse probability of treatment weighting for survival data","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Estimation and group comparison of survival curves are two very common issues in survival analysis. In practice, the Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival functions may be biased due to unbalanced distribution of confounders. Here we develop an adjusted Kaplan–Meier estimator (AKME) to reduce confounding effects using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). Each observation is weighted by its inverse probability of being in a certain group. The AKME is shown to be a consistent estimate of the survival function, and the variance of the AKME is derived. A weighted log‐rank test is proposed for comparing group differences of survival functions. Simulation studies are used to illustrate the performance of AKME and the weighted log‐rank test. The method proposed here outperforms the Kaplan–Meier estimate, and it does better than or as well as other estimators based on stratification. The AKME and the weighted log‐rank test are applied to two real examples: one is the study of times to reinfection of sexually transmitted diseases, and the other is the primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</jats:p>","journal":"Statistics in Medicine","year":2005,"id":18076,"datarank":19.924824431439955,"base_score":6.255750041753367,"endowment":6.255750041753367,"self_citation_contribution":0.9383625062630052,"citation_network_contribution":18.98646192517695,"self_endowment_contribution":0.9383625062630052,"citer_contribution":18.98646192517695,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":520,"citer_count":200,"citers_with_citation_signal":200,"citers_with_endowment":200,"datacite_reuse_total":25,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":126963,"name":"Chaofeng Liu","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":108564,"name":"Jun Xie","orcid":"0000-0003-4122-5129","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":6.255750041753367,"endowment":6.255750041753367,"datacite_reuse_total":25,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"16189810","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2148195102","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":1.3601,"citation_percentile":0.827935,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":8},{"year":2013,"count":8},{"year":2014,"count":12},{"year":2015,"count":19},{"year":2016,"count":21},{"year":2017,"count":27},{"year":2018,"count":34},{"year":2019,"count":46},{"year":2020,"count":42},{"year":2021,"count":51},{"year":2022,"count":68},{"year":2023,"count":66},{"year":2024,"count":33},{"year":2025,"count":46},{"year":2026,"count":11}],"oa_status":"closed","license":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fsim.2174","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/sim.2174","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.2174","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189810","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Statistical Methods and Inference","Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","Adult","Aged","Black People","Chlamydia Infections","Computer Simulation","Data Interpretation, Statistical","Female","Gonorrhea","Humans","Likelihood Functions","Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary","Male","Middle Aged","Monte Carlo Method","Penicillamine","Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","Sex Factors","Survival Analysis","White People"],"mesh_terms":["Adult","Aged","Chlamydia Infections","Computer Simulation","Data Interpretation, Statistical","Female","Gonorrhea","Humans","Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary","Male","Middle Aged","Monte Carlo Method","Penicillamine","Sex Factors","Likelihood Functions","Survival Analysis","Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","Black People","White People"],"keywords":["Statistics","Kaplan–Meier estimator","Mathematics","Inverse probability","Estimator","Inverse probability weighting","Survival analysis","Survival function","Log-rank 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