{"doi":"10.1002/oby.23781","title":"Fast‐food environments and BMI changes in the <scp>Dutch</scp> adult general population: the Lifelines cohort","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of fast‐food outlet exposure with BMI and BMI change, as well as moderation by age and genetic predisposition.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>This study used Lifelines' baseline (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 141,973) and 4‐year follow‐up (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 103,050) data. Participant residential addresses were linked to a register with fast‐food outlet locations (Nationwide Information System of Workplaces [Dutch: Landelijk Informatiesysteem van Arbeidsplaatsen, LISA]) using geocoding, and the number of fast‐food outlets within 1 km was computed. BMI was measured objectively. A weighted BMI genetic risk score was computed, representing overall genetic predisposition toward elevated BMI, based on 941 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms genome‐wide significantly associated with BMI for a subsample with genetic data (BMI: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 44,996; BMI change: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 36,684). Multivariable multilevel linear regression analyses and exposure‐moderator interactions were tested.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Participants with ≥1 fast‐food outlet within 1 km had a higher BMI (B [95% CI]: 0.17 [0.09 to 0.25]), and those with ≥2 fast‐food outlets within 1 km increased more in BMI (B [95% CI]: 0.06 [0.02 to 0.09]) than participants with no fast‐food outlets within 1 km. Effect sizes on baseline BMI were largest among young adults (age 18–29 years; B [95% CI]: 0.35 [0.10 to 0.59]) and especially young adults with a medium (B [95% CI]: 0.57 [−0.02 to 1.16]) or high genetic risk score (B [95% CI]: 0.46 [−0.24 to 1.16]).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Fast‐food outlet exposure was identified as a potentially important determinant of BMI and BMI change. Young adults, especially those with a medium or high genetic predisposition, had a higher BMI when exposed to fast‐food outlets.</jats:p></jats:sec>","journal":"Obesity","year":2023,"id":608329,"datarank":0.26876392038420827,"base_score":1.791759469228055,"endowment":1.791759469228055,"self_citation_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1562314,"name":"Sander K. R. van Zon","orcid":"0000-0002-1956-1225","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1199386,"name":"Tian Xie","orcid":"0000-0003-2442-7941","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":21983,"name":"Harold Snieder","orcid":"0000-0003-1949-2298","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1562315,"name":"Ute Bültmann","orcid":"0000-0001-9589-9220","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":85941,"name":"Nynke Smidt","orcid":"0000-0002-2778-8841","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1562313,"name":"Carel‐Peter L. van Erpecum","orcid":"0000-0003-2169-2467","position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Fast‐food environments and BMI changes in the <scp>Dutch</scp> adult general population: the Lifelines cohort","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of fast‐food outlet exposure with BMI and BMI change, as well as moderation by age and genetic predisposition.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>This study used Lifelines' baseline (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 141,973) and 4‐year follow‐up (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 103,050) data. Participant residential addresses were linked to a register with fast‐food outlet locations (Nationwide Information System of Workplaces [Dutch: Landelijk Informatiesysteem van Arbeidsplaatsen, LISA]) using geocoding, and the number of fast‐food outlets within 1 km was computed. BMI was measured objectively. A weighted BMI genetic risk score was computed, representing overall genetic predisposition toward elevated BMI, based on 941 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms genome‐wide significantly associated with BMI for a subsample with genetic data (BMI: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 44,996; BMI change: <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 36,684). Multivariable multilevel linear regression analyses and exposure‐moderator interactions were tested.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Participants with ≥1 fast‐food outlet within 1 km had a higher BMI (B [95% CI]: 0.17 [0.09 to 0.25]), and those with ≥2 fast‐food outlets within 1 km increased more in BMI (B [95% CI]: 0.06 [0.02 to 0.09]) than participants with no fast‐food outlets within 1 km. Effect sizes on baseline BMI were largest among young adults (age 18–29 years; B [95% CI]: 0.35 [0.10 to 0.59]) and especially young adults with a medium (B [95% CI]: 0.57 [−0.02 to 1.16]) or high genetic risk score (B [95% CI]: 0.46 [−0.24 to 1.16]).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Fast‐food outlet exposure was identified as a potentially important determinant of BMI and BMI change. Young adults, especially those with a medium or high genetic predisposition, had a higher BMI when exposed to fast‐food outlets.</jats:p></jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"37434276","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":null,"authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by-nc","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/oby.23781","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/oby.23781","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/848f6334-8f87-4ea6-ad37-9543deb9a932","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":[],"mesh_terms":["Humans","Genetic Predisposition to Disease","Body Mass Index","Cross-Sectional Studies","Residence Characteristics","Restaurants","Adolescent","Adult","Young Adult","Fast Foods","Food, Processed"],"keywords":[],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-30T11:56:33.490381Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}