{"doi":"10.1002/mrm.30586","title":"Establishing standardized healthy reference distributions and values for multisite <scp> <sup>129</sup> Xe </scp> gas exchange <scp>MRI</scp> / <scp>MR spectroscopy</scp> at 3 T across major scanner platforms","abstract":"Abstract Purpose To establish standardized reference distributions and values for 1‐point Dixon 129 Xe gas exchange MRI/MR spectroscopy (MRS) in a multicenter healthy cohort of 18–30‐year‐olds scanned on three major 3T platforms. These distributions and values enable consistent, quantitative analysis and interpretation of images and spectra. Methods Healthy participants from three centers—Duke University (Siemens), Cincinnati Children's Hospital (Philips), and the University of Iowa (General Electric)—underwent pulmonary function testing and a standardized 129 Xe MRI/MRS protocol with dissolved‐phase excitation at 208 ppm from the gas resonance. Raw data were converted to the ISMRMRD format, centrally processed, and used to construct reference values and distributions for each gas‐exchange compartment. The combined reference values were compared to site‐specific values and, with suitable transformation, to a cohort evaluated with 218 ppm excitation. Results The reference distributions were consistent across sites and platforms for both imaging and spectroscopy. Combined imaging reference means were ventilation = 0.71 ± 0.14, membrane (M)/gas = 0.97 ± 0.27 × 10 −2 , red blood cell (RBC)/gas = 0.48 ± 0.20 × 10 −2 , and RBC:M = 0.49 ± 0.11. Spectroscopic chemical shifts were 197.6 ± 0.3 and 218.2 ± 0.5 ppm for membrane and RBC, with an RBC oscillation amplitude of 10.0 ± 2.5%. Estimated global T 2 * values were 0.99 ± 0.04 ms (membrane) and 1.04 ± 0.03 ms (RBC). Quantitative maps showed no significant differences using site‐specific versus combined distributions. Scaled 208‐ppm distributions agreed well with single‐site distributions acquired with 218‐ppm excitation. Conclusions These reference distributions provide a robust benchmark for 3T 129 Xe gas exchange MRI/MRS, ensuring rigor, reproducibility, and cross‐center comparability.","journal":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","year":2025,"id":521339,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.6677,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1223104,"name":"Aryil Bechtel","orcid":"0000-0002-2928-3898","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":371951,"name":"David Mummy","orcid":"0000-0001-7885-109X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1391655,"name":"Shuo Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-0768-6597","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":684937,"name":"Junlan Lu","orcid":"0000-0001-5023-7901","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1223105,"name":"Anna Costelle","orcid":"0000-0003-0548-6188","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":401847,"name":"Zackary I. Cleveland","orcid":"0000-0001-6195-9061","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":319689,"name":"Matthew M. Willmering","orcid":"0000-0002-4356-9622","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1249939,"name":"Juan Parra‐Robles","orcid":"0000-0002-8215-0816","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347635,"name":"Sean B. Fain","orcid":"0000-0001-5461-0646","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347634,"name":"Andrew D. Hahn","orcid":"0000-0002-0246-2108","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292273,"name":"Robert M. Tighe","orcid":"0000-0002-3465-9861","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":439416,"name":"Bastiaan Driehuys","orcid":"0000-0002-1236-4210","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1111433,"name":"Suphachart Leewiwatwong","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":64,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:49:44.558743Z","pmid":"40457620","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}