{"doi":"10.1002/mrm.29929","title":"Glutamate measurements using edited MRS","abstract":"Abstract Purpose To demonstrate J‐ difference coediting of glutamate using Hadamard encoding and reconstruction of Mescher‐Garwood‐edited spectroscopy (HERMES). Methods Density‐matrix simulations of HERMES (TE 80 ms) and 1D J ‐resolved (TE 31–229 ms) of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutathione (GSH) were performed. HERMES comprised four sub‐experiments with editing pulses applied as follows: (A) 1.9/4.56 ppm simultaneously (ON GABA /ON GSH ); (B) 1.9 ppm only (ON GABA /OFF GSH ); (C) 4.56 ppm only (OFF GABA /ON GSH ); and (D) 7.5 ppm (OFF GABA /OFF GSH ). Phantom HERMES and 1D J ‐resolved experiments of Glu were performed. Finally, in vivo HERMES (20‐ms editing pulses) and 1D J ‐resolved (TE 31–229 ms) experiments were performed on 137 participants using 3 T MRI scanners. LCModel was used for quantification. Results HERMES simulation and phantom experiments show a Glu‐edited signal at 2.34 ppm in the Hadamard sum combination A+B+C+D with no overlapping Gln signal. The J ‐resolved simulations and phantom experiments show substantial TE modulation of the Glu and Gln signals across the TEs, whose average yields a well‐resolved Glu signal closely matching the Glu‐edited signal from the HERMES sum spectrum. In vivo quantification of Glu show that the two methods are highly correlated ( p < 0.001) with a bias of ∼10%, along with similar between‐subject coefficients of variation (HERMES/TE‐averaged: ∼7.3%/∼6.9%). Other Hadamard combinations produce the expected GABA‐edited (A+B–C–D) or GSH‐edited (A–B+C–D) signal. Conclusion HERMES simulation and phantom experiments show the separation of Glu from Gln. In vivo HERMES experiments yield Glu (without Gln), GABA, and GSH in a single MRS scan.","journal":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","year":2023,"id":364937,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9019,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1120494,"name":"Andrew P. Prescot","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":69435,"name":"Linda Chang","orcid":"0000-0002-1267-0699","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":631931,"name":"Christine Cloak","orcid":"0000-0002-5247-4633","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":356979,"name":"Eric Cunningham","orcid":"0000-0001-8705-3620","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1120049,"name":"Punitha Subramaniam","orcid":"0000-0003-1670-9105","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":628320,"name":"Perry F. Renshaw","orcid":"0000-0002-8888-4503","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":278151,"name":"Deborah Yurgelun‐Todd","orcid":"0000-0002-7242-4190","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":238011,"name":"Helge J. Zöllner","orcid":"0000-0002-7148-292X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":414397,"name":"Timothy P. L. Roberts","orcid":"0000-0001-7320-4870","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":238015,"name":"Richard A.E. Edden","orcid":"0000-0002-0671-7374","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":387897,"name":"Thomas Ernst","orcid":"0000-0003-1211-7655","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":238013,"name":"Muhammad G. Saleh","orcid":"0000-0001-6921-112X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":29,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:14:41.218128Z","pmid":"38044723","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}